Can limited ocean mixing buffer rapid climate change?

It has been argued that diapycnal mixing has a strongly stabilizing role in the global thermohaline circulation (THC). Negative feedback between THC transport and low-latitude buoyancy distribution is present in theory based on thermocline scaling, but is absent from Stommel's classical model. Here, it is demonstrated that these two models can be viewed as opposite limits of a single theory. Stommel's model represents unlimited diapycnal mixing, whereas the thermocline scaling represents weak mixing. The latter limit is more applicable to the modern ocean, and previous studies suggest that it is associated with a more stable THC. A new box model, which can operate near either limit, is developed to enable explicit analysis of the transient behaviour. The model is perturbed from equilibrium with an increase in surface freshwater forcing, and initially behaves as if the only feedbacks are those present in Stommel's model. The response is buffered by any upper ocean horizontal mixing, then by propagation of salinity anomalies, each of which are stabilizing mechanisms. However, negative feedback associated with limited diapycnal mixing only prevents thermohaline catastrophe in a modest parameter domain. This is because the time-scale associated with vertical advective-diffusive balance is much longer than the time required for the THC to change mode. The model is then tuned to allow equilibrium THC transport to be independent of the rate of mixing. The equilibrium surface salinity difference controls the classical THC-transport/salinity positive feedback, whereas the equilibrium interior density difference controls the mean-flow negative feedback. When mixing is strong, unrealistic vertical homogenization occurs, causing a convergence in surface and interior meridional gradients. This reduces positive feedback, and increases stability, in the tuned model. Therefore, Stommel's model appears to overestimate, rather than underestimate, THC stability to high-frequency changes in forcing.<br/

Attribution of multi-annual to decadal changes in the climate system: The Large Ensemble Single Forcing Model Intercomparison Project (LESFMIP)

Multi-annual to decadal changes in climate are accompanied by changes in extreme events that cause major impacts on society and severe challenges for adaptation. Early warnings of such changes are now potentially possible through operational decadal predictions. However, improved understanding of the causes of regional changes in climate on these timescales is needed both to attribute recent events and to gain further confidence in forecasts. Here we document the Large Ensemble Single Forcing Model Intercomparison Project that will address this need through coordinated model experiments enabling the impacts of different external drivers to be isolated. We highlight the need to account for model errors and propose an attribution approach that exploits differences between models to diagnose the real-world situation and overcomes potential errors in atmospheric circulation changes. The experiments and analysis proposed here will provide substantial improvements to our ability to understand near-term changes in climate and will support the World Climate Research Program Lighthouse Activity on Explaining and Predicting Earth System Change

Climate change under aggressive mitigation: The ENSEMBLES multi-model experiment

International audienceWe present results from multiple comprehensive models used to simulate an aggressive mitigation scenario based on detailed results of an Integrated Assessment Model. The experiment employs ten global climate and Earth System models (GCMs and ESMs) and pioneers elements of the long-term experimental design for the forthcoming 5th Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change assessment. Atmospheric carbon-dioxide concentrations pathways rather than carbon emissions are specified in all models, including five ESMs that contain interactive carbon cycles. Specified forcings also include minor greenhouse gas concentration pathways, ozone concentration, aerosols (via concentrations or precursor emissions) and land use change (in five models). The new aggressive mitigation scenario (E1), constructed using an integrated assessment model (IMAGE 2. 4) with reduced fossil fuel use for energy production aimed at stabilizing global warming below 2 K, is studied alongside the medium-high non-mitigation scenario SRES A1B. Resulting twenty-first century global mean warming and precipitation changes for A1B are broadly consistent with previous studies. In E1 twenty-first century global warming remains below 2 K in most models, but global mean precipitation changes are higher than in A1B up to 2065 and consistently higher per degree of warming. The spread in global temperature and precipitation responses is partly attributable to inter-model variations in aerosol loading and representations of aerosol-related radiative forcing effects. Our study illustrates that the benefits of mitigation will not be realised in temperature terms until several decades after emissions reductions begin, and may vary considerably between regions. A subset of the models containing integrated carbon cycles agree that land and ocean sinks remove roughly half of present day anthropogenic carbon emissions from the atmosphere, and that anthropogenic carbon emissions must decrease by at least 50% by 2050 relative to 1990, with further large reductions needed beyond that to achieve the E1 concentrations pathway. Negative allowable anthropogenic carbon emissions at and beyond 2100 cannot be ruled out for the E1 scenario. There is self-consistency between the multi-model ensemble of allowable anthropogenic carbon emissions and the E1 scenario emissions from IMAGE 2. 4. © 2011 Springer-Verlag

Caribbean coral growth influenced by anthropogenic aerosol emissions

Coral growth rates are highly dependent on environmental variables such as sea surface temperature and solar irradiance. Multi-decadal variability in coral growth rates has been documented throughout the Caribbean over the past 150-200 years, and linked to variations in Atlantic sea surface temperatures. Multi-decadal variability in sea surface temperatures in the North Atlantic, in turn, has been linked to volcanic and anthropogenic aerosol forcing. Here, we examine the drivers of changes in coral growth rates in the western Caribbean between 1880 and 2000, using previously published coral growth chronologies from two sites in the region, and a numerical model. Changes in coral growth rates over this period coincided with variations in sea surface temperature and incoming short-wave radiation. Our model simulations show that variations in the concentration of anthropogenic aerosols caused variations in sea surface temperature and incoming radiation in the second half of the twentieth century. Before this, variations in volcanic aerosols may have played a more important role. With the exception of extreme mass bleaching events, we suggest that neither climate change from greenhouse-gas emissions nor ocean acidification is necessarily the driver of multi-decadal variations in growth rates at some Caribbean locations. Rather, the cause may be regional climate change due to volcanic and anthropogenic aerosol emissions