Measurement of the solar neutrino capture rate with gallium metal

The solar neutrino capture rate measured by the Russian-American Gallium Experiment (SAGE) on metallic gallium during the period January 1990 through December 1997 is 67.2 (+7.2-7.0) (+3.5-3.0) SNU, where the uncertainties are statistical and systematic, respectively. This represents only about half of the predicted Standard Solar Model rate of 129 SNU. All the experimental procedures, including extraction of germanium from gallium, counting of 71Ge, and data analysis are discussed in detail.Comment: 34 pages including 14 figures, Revtex, slightly shortene

The Baksan gallium solar neutrino experiment

A radiochemical 71Ga-71Ge experiment to determine the integral flux of neutrinos from the sun has been constructed at the Baksan Neutrino Observatory in the USSR. Measurements have begun with 30 tonnes of gallium. An additional 30 tonnes of gallium are being installed so as to perform the full experiment with a 60-tonne target. The motivation, experiment procedures, and present status of this experiment are described. © 1990

Preliminary results from the Russian-American Gallium Experiment Cr-neutrino source measurement

The Russian-American Gallium Experiment has been collecting solar neutrino data since early 1990. The flux measurement of solar neutrinos is well below that expected from solar models. We discuss the initial results of a measurement of experimental efficiencies by exposing the gallium target to neutrinos from an artificial source. The capture rate of neutrinos from this source is very close to that which is expected. The result can be expressed as a ratio of the measured capture rate to the anticipated rate from the source activity. This ratio is 0.93 + 0.15, - 0.17 where the systematic and statistical errors have been combined. To first order the experimental efficiencies are in agreement with those determined during solar neutrino measurements and in previous auxiliary measurements. One must conclude that the discrepancy between the measured solar neutrino flux and that predicted by the solar models can not arise from an experimental artifact

The bHLH transcription factor SPATULA enables cytokinin signaling, and both activate auxin biosynthesis and transport genes at the medial domain of the gynoecium

[EN] Fruits and seeds are the major food source on earth. Both derive from the gynoecium and, therefore, it is crucial to understand the mechanisms that guide the development of this organ of angiosperm species. In Arabidopsis, the gynoecium is composed of two congenitally fused carpels, where two domains: medial and lateral, can be distinguished. The medial domain includes the carpel margin meristem (CMM) that is key for the production of the internal tissues involved in fertilization, such as septum, ovules, and transmitting tract. Interestingly, the medial domain shows a high cytokinin signaling output, in contrast to the lateral domain, where it is hardly detected. While it is known that cytokinin provides meristematic properties, understanding on the mechanisms that underlie the cytokinin signaling pattern in the young gynoecium is lacking. Moreover, in other tissues, the cytokinin pathway is often connected to the auxin pathway, but we also lack knowledge about these connections in the young gynoecium. Our results reveal that cytokinin signaling, that can provide meristematic properties required for CMM activity and growth, is enabled by the transcription factor SPATULA (SPT) in the medial domain. Meanwhile, cytokinin signaling is confined to the medial domain by the cytokinin response repressor ARABIDOPSIS HISTIDINE PHOSPHOTRANSFERASE 6 (AHP6), and perhaps by ARR16 (a type-A ARR) as well, both present in the lateral domains (presumptive valves) of the developing gynoecia. Moreover, SPT and cytokinin, probably together, promote the expression of the auxin biosynthetic gene TRYPTOPHAN AMINOTRANSFERASE OF ARABIDOPSIS 1 (TAA1) and the gene encoding the auxin efflux transporter PIN-FORMED 3 (PIN3), likely creating auxin drainage important for gynoecium growth. This study provides novel insights in the spatiotemporal determination of the cytokinin signaling pattern and its connection to the auxin pathway in the young gynoecium.IRO, VMZM, HHU and PLS were supported by the Mexican National Council of Science and Technology (CONACyT) with a PhD fellowship (210085, 210100, 243380 and 219883, respectively). Work in the SDF laboratory was financed by the CONACyT grants CB-2012-177739, FC-2015-2/1061, and INFR-2015-253504, and NMM by the CONACyT grant CB-2011-165986. SDF, CF and LC acknowledge the support of the European Union FP7-PEOPLE-2009-IRSES project EVOCODE (grant no. 247587) and H2020-MSCARISE-2015 project ExpoSEED (grant no. 691109). SDF also acknowledges the Marine Biological Laboratory (MBL) in Woods Hole for a scholarship for the Gene Regulatory Networks for Development Course 2015 (GERN2015). IE acknowledges the International European Fellowship-METMADS project and the Universita degli Studi di Milano (RTD-A; 2016). Research in the laboratory of MFY was funded by NSF (grant IOS-1121055), NIH (grant 1R01GM112976-01A1) and the Paul D. Saltman Endowed Chair in Science Education (MFY). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Reyes Olalde, J.; Zuñiga, V.; Serwatowska, J.; Chávez Montes, R.; Lozano-Sotomayor, P.; Herrera-Ubaldo, H.; Gonzalez Aguilera, K.... (2017). The bHLH transcription factor SPATULA enables cytokinin signaling, and both activate auxin biosynthesis and transport genes at the medial domain of the gynoecium. PLoS Genetics. 13(4):1-31. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1006726S131134Reyes-Olalde, J. I., Zuñiga-Mayo, V. M., Chávez Montes, R. A., Marsch-Martínez, N., & de Folter, S. (2013). Inside the gynoecium: at the carpel margin. Trends in Plant Science, 18(11), 644-655. doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2013.08.002Alvarez-Buylla, E. 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Heritable symbionts in a world of varying temperature

Heritable microbes represent an important component of the biology, ecology and evolution of many plants, animals and fungi, acting as both parasites and partners. In this review, we examine how heritable symbiont–host interactions may alter host thermal tolerance, and how the dynamics of these interactions may more generally be altered by thermal environment. Obligate symbionts, those required by their host, are considered to represent a thermally sensitive weak point for their host, associated with accumulation of deleterious mutations. As such, these symbionts may represent an important determinant of host thermal envelope and spatial distribution. We then examine the varied relationship between thermal environment and the frequency of facultative symbionts that provide ecologically contingent benefits or act as parasites. We note that some facultative symbionts directly alter host thermotolerance. We outline how thermal environment will alter the benefits/costs of infection more widely, and additionally modulate vertical transmission efficiency. Multiple patterns are observed, with symbionts being cold sensitive in some species and heat sensitive in others, with varying and non-coincident thresholds at which phenotype and transmission are ablated. Nevertheless, it is clear that studies aiming to predict ecological and evolutionary dynamics of symbiont–host interactions need to examine the interaction across a range of thermal environments. Finally, we discuss the importance of thermal sensitivity in predicting the success/failure of symbionts to spread into novel species following natural/engineered introduction

Явище фазоутворення електроосаджуваних металів через стадію переохолодженого рідкого стану

Purpose. Presentation of a previously unknown phenomenon of phase formation via a supercooled liquid state stage in metals being electrodeposited discovered by the author. Findings. A brief overview of the existing views of phase formation in metals during their electrodeposition is given. Formula of the scientific discovery entitled “Phenomenon of phase formation via a supercooled liquid state stage in metals being electrodeposited” is presented and new conception of phase formation in metals being electrodeposited  on  the  its  basis  is  offered.  The  essence  of  the  discovered  phenomenon  consists  in  the  fact  that  during  the electrochemical deposition of metal in aqueous solution on a solid cathode the appearance of highly supercooled metallic liquid in the form of numerous liquid clusters of atoms, being formed in an avalanche-like manner at different places near the cathode or the growing  deposit,  and  its  extremely  fast  solidification  at  the  deposition  temperature  in  the  form  of  a crystalline,  amorphous  or quasicrystalline phase occur. The found phenomenon is caused by very fast (explosive) nature of metal precipitation due to the chain reaction of the electrochemical evolution of atoms and transition of atomic clusters from liquid state to the more stable solid one. Numerous experimental findings are presented to prove the existence of the phenomenon of phase formation via a supercooled liquid state stage in metals being electrodeposited. Originality. The discovered  phenomenon makes  fundamental  changes in the existing conceptions of phase and structure formation in metals during their electrochemical deposition and lays the foundations for creation of an  essentially  new  electrocrystallization  theory. Practical  value. The  found  phenomenon  determines  new  directions  for  the producing of electrocoatings with improved properties and provides a scientific basis for the development of advanced technologies to electrochemical synthesize new types of film materials having unique properties.Цель. Презентация  открытого  автором  неизвестного  ранее  явления  фазообразования  электроосаждаемыхметаллов  через  стадию  переохлажденного  жидкого  состояния. Результаты. Кратко  рассмотрены  существующие представления  о  формировании  фаз  в  металлах  при  их  электроосаждении.  Представлена  формула  научного  открытия «Явление фазообразования электроосаждаемых металлов через стадию переохлажденного жидкого состояния» и выдвинута на его основе новая концепция фазообразования электроосаждаемых металлов. Сущность открытого явления состоит в том, что  при  электрохимическом  осаждении  металла  в  водной  среде  на  твердый  катод  происходит  образование  сильно переохлажденной  металлической  жидкости  в  виде  множества  жидких  кластеров  атомов, выделяющихся  лавинообразно в различных местах вблизи катода или растущего осадка, и сверхбыстрое ее затвердевание при температуре осаждения в виде кристаллической, аморфной или квазикристаллической фазы. Выявленное явление обусловлено очень быстрым (взрывным) характером выделения металла вследствие цепной реакции электрохимического образования атомов и переходом кластеров атомов  либо  их  объединений  из  жидкого  состояния  в  более  стабильное  твердое.  Представлены  многочисленные экспериментальные  факты,  доказывающие существование  явления  фазообразования  электроосаждаемых  металлов  через стадию  переохлажденного  жидкого  состояния. Научная  новизна. Открытое  явление  вносит  коренные  изменения  в существующие  представления  о  формировании  фаз  и  структуры  металлов  при  их  электрохимическом  осаждении и закладывает  основы  создания  принципиально  новой  теории  электрокристаллизации.  Практическая  значимость. Установленное  явление определяет  новые  направления  получения  электропокрытий  с  улучшенными  свойствами и предоставляет научную основу для создания передовых технологий электрохимического синтеза новых типов пленочных материалов, обладающих уникальными свойствами.Мета.  Презентація  відкритого  автором  невідомого  раніше  явища  фазоутворення  електроосаджуваних металів  через  стадію  переохолодженого  рідкого  стану. Результати.  Коротко  розглянуті  існуючі  уявлення  щодо формування  фаз  в  металах  при  їх  електроосадженні.  Представлена формула  наукового  відкриття  «Явище  фазоутворення електроосаджуваних  металів  через  стадію  переохолодженого  рідкого  стану»  й  висунута  на  його основі  нова  концепція фазоутворення  електроосаджуваних  металів.  Сутність  відкритого  явища  міститься  у  тому,  що  при  електрохімічному осадженні металу  у  водному  середовищі  на  твердий  катод  відбувається  утворення  сильно  переохолодженої  металевої рідини  у  вигляді  безлічі  рідких  кластерів  атомів,  що  виділяються  лавиноподібно  в  різних  місцях  поблизу  катода  або зростаючого  осаду,  і  надшвидке  її  затвердіння  при  температурі  осадження  у  виді  кристалічної,  аморфної  або квазікристалічної  фази.  Виявлене  явище  обумовлене  дуже  швидким  (вибуховим)  характером  виділення  металу  внаслідок ланцюгової  реакції  електрохімічного  утворення  атомів  і  переходом  кластерів  атомів  або  їх  об’єднань  із  рідкого  стану  в більш  стабільний  твердий.  Представлені  численні  експериментальні  факти,  які  доводять  існування  явища  фазоутворення електроосаджуваних  металів  через  стадію  переохолодженого  рідкого  стану. Наукова  новизна. Відкрите  явище  вносить докорінні  зміни  в  існуючі  уявлення  щодо  формування  фаз  та  структури  металів  при  їх  електрохімічному  осадженні  і закладає підвалини створення принципово нової теорії електрокристалізації. Практична значимість. Встановлене явище визначає нові напрямки одержання електропокриттів з покращеними властивостями і надає наукову основу для створення передових технологій електрохімічного синтезу нових типів плівкових матеріалів, що мають унікальні властивості