Effect of Activated Carbon Made from Cocoa (Theobroma Cacao L.) Shells on the Adsorption of Iron in Aquifer Water

This research aims to determine the effect of activated carbon obtained from cocoa husks (Theobroma cacao L.) on the adsorption of iron (II) present in water of an aquifer for human consumption. Charcoal was prepared at different carbonization temperatures (500, 600 and 700 °C) for 30 minutes and activated with phosphoric acid in the proportions of 1:1. Iron (II) adsorption was determined as a function of variations in mixing speed, contact time, charcoal dosage and stirring speed. It was determined that, over the range considered, agitation speeds had no significant effect on the percentage of iron (II) removal, being the dose of activated carbon and temperature, the most influential variables. The water samples had an initial iron concentration of 3.15 mg/L and 4 mg/L. The best iron (II) adsorption result was obtained with activated carbon at the carbonization temperature of 700 °C, with a mass of 1.5 g of carbon, with efficiencies of 93 % and 98 % for both samples considered. Based on the results, it was concluded water for human consumption is treatable with activated carbon derived from Theobroma cacao L. for the adsorption of iron (II), considering that this parameter is below the maximum limit of 0.3 mg/L allowed by current regulations

BANGUNAN KUNO WISMA PERDAMAIAN DALAM SEJARAH KOTA KAWASAN SIMPANG TUGU MUDA, SEMARANG

Abstract The Simpang Tugu Muda Area has great significance for Semarang City. In this area, several buildings have become landmarks of this city. Unfortunately, the history of this area has not been written systematically, and among the historical landmarks in this area, the Old Building of Wisma Perdamaian has the most confusing history. This article was based on the 2021 historical research in the Simpang Tugu Muda Area and describes its history and the Old Building of Wisma Perdamaian based on a more factual data; therefore, it can contribute to build a more solid history of Semarang City and architectural conservation efforts there. This research used a historical research method as well as field observation. One of the research findings shows that the Old Building of Wisma Perdamaian was not the residence of the Governor of the North Coast of Java Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie (VOC) in the 18th century, as many people believe. This building was built by Koninklijk Nederlands Indisch Leger (KNIL) as the residence of the Major General of the KNIL in the 19th century. Meanwhile, the residence of the Governor of the North Coast of Java, VOC, was demolished in 1908.Keywords: History of architecture and the city, Semarang, Tugu Muda Area, Wisma Perdamaian Abstrak Kawasan Simpang Tugu Muda memiliki signifikansi yang besar di Kota Semarang. Di kawasan ini berdiri pula beberapa bangunan yang menjadi tengaran kota ini. Di antara bangunan-bangunan tersebut, Bangunan Kuno Wisma Perdamaian memiliki sejarah yang paling simpang siur. Artikel ini ditulis berdasarkan penelitian historis Kawasan Simpang Tugu Muda yang dilaksanakan pada 2021 dengan tujuan untuk memaparkan sejarah arsitektur dan tata kota kawasan ini dan Bangunan Kuno Wisma Perdamaian berdasarkan data primer yang lebih faktual, sehingga diharapkan dapat berkontribusi pada penulisan sejarah dan pelestarian arsitektur di Kota Semarang yang lebih solid. Metode yang dipakai dalam penelitian ini adalah metode penelitian sejarah yang dilengkapi dengan observasi lapangan. Salah satu temuan penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Bangunan Kuno Wisma Perdamaian bukanlah kediaman Gubernur Pantai Utara Jawa Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie (VOC) pada abad ke-18 seperti yang diyakini banyak orang. Bangunan ini dibangun oleh Koninklijk Nederlands Indisch Leger (KNIL) sebagai kediaman Mayor Jenderal KNIL pada abad ke-19. Sementara kediaman Gubernur Pantai Utara Jawa VOC sudah dirobohkan pada 1908.Kata kunci: Sejarah Arsitektur Kota, Semarang, Simpang Tugu Muda, Wisma Perdamaia

KAJIAN SEJARAH DAN DOKUMENTASI GEDUNG PERTEMUAN SMP DOMENICO SAVIO, KOTA SEMARANG

Sejarah penyebaran agama Katolik di Hindia Belanda dan Indonesia, khususnya di Jawa, tidak terlepas dari hadirnya institusi pendidikan binaan misionaris yang telah berdiri sejak awal abad ke-20. Institusi pendidikan ini telah berkontribusi meningkatkan kualitas hidup masyarakat Indonesia terlepas dari latar belakang keagamaannya. Dokumentasi warisan arsitektur terkait institusi pendidikan ini dapat mendukung signifikansi sejarah kontribusi gereja Katolik tersebut. Artikel ini ditulis berdasarkan penelitian sejarah arsitektur atas Gedung Pertemuan SMP Domenico Savio yang dilakukan pada 2021 dengan tujuan mendapatkan informasi kesejarahan dan mendokumentasikan transformasi fisik gedung ini. Metode yang dipakai dalam penelitian ini adalah metode penelitian sejarah yang dilengkapi dengan observasi dan dokumentasi lapangan. Berdasarkan kajian yang dilakukan, diketahui bahwa Gedung Pertemuan SMP Domenico Savio telah ada sejak akhir abad ke-19, pernah digunakan sebagai gereja, dan telah mengalami beberapa bentuk transformasi fisik. Hasil penelitian ini dapat digunakan sebagai dasar pelestarian arsitektur dan penulisan sejarah perkembangan agama Katolik di Jawa, khususnya di Semarang.

Temporal progression of photosynthetic-strategy in phytoplankton in the Ross Sea, Antarctica

Author Posting. © The Author(s), 2015. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Marine Systems 166 (2017): 87-96, doi:10.1016/j.jmarsys.2016.08.014.The bioavailability of iron influences the distribution, biomass and productivity of phytoplankton in the Ross Sea, one of the most productive regions in the Southern Ocean. We mapped the spatial and temporal extent and severity of iron-limitation of the native phytoplankton assemblage using long- (>24 h) and short-term (24 h) iron- addition experiments along with physiological and molecular characterisations during a cruise to the Ross Sea in December-February 2012. Phytoplankton increased their photosynthetic efficiency in response to iron addition, suggesting proximal iron limitation throughout most of the Ross Sea during summer. Molecular and physiological data further indicate that as nitrate is removed from the surface ocean the phytoplankton community transitions to one displaying an iron-efficient photosynthetic strategy characterised by an increase in the size of photosystem II (PSII) photochemical cross section (σPSII) and a decrease in the chlorophyll-normalised PSII abundance. These results suggest that phytoplankton with the ability to reduce their photosynthetic iron requirements are selected as the growing season progresses, which may drive the well-documented progression from Phaeocystis antarctica- assemblages to diatom-dominated phytoplankton. Such a shift in the assemblage-level photosynthetic strategy potentially mediates further drawdown of nitrate following the development of iron deficient conditions in the Ross Sea.This research was supported by grants from the National Science Foundation (ANT-0944254 to W.O.S., ANT-0944174 to P.N.S.), and a NERC PhD studentship to TRK

Composite trait Mendelian randomization reveals distinct metabolic and lifestyle consequences of differences in body shape

Obesity is a major risk factor for a wide range of cardiometabolic diseases, however the impact of specific aspects of body morphology remains poorly understood. We combined the GWAS summary statistics of fourteen anthropometric traits from UK Biobank through principal component analysis to reveal four major independent axes: body size, adiposity, predisposition to abdominal fat deposition, and lean mass. Mendelian randomization analysis showed that although body size and adiposity both contribute to the consequences of BMI, many of their effects are distinct, such as body size increasing the risk of cardiac arrhythmia (b = 0.06, p = 4.2 ∗ 10 <sup>-17</sup> ) while adiposity instead increased that of ischemic heart disease (b = 0.079, p = 8.2 ∗ 10 <sup>-21</sup> ). The body mass-neutral component predisposing to abdominal fat deposition, likely reflecting a shift from subcutaneous to visceral fat, exhibited health effects that were weaker but specifically linked to lipotoxicity, such as ischemic heart disease (b = 0.067, p = 9.4 ∗ 10 <sup>-14</sup> ) and diabetes (b = 0.082, p = 5.9 ∗ 10 <sup>-19</sup> ). Combining their independent predicted effects significantly improved the prediction of obesity-related diseases (p < 10 <sup>-10</sup> ). The presented decomposition approach sheds light on the biological mechanisms underlying the heterogeneity of body morphology and its consequences on health and lifestyle

Emergent Intra-Pair Sex Differences and Organized Behavior in Pair Bonded Prairie Voles (Microtus ochrogaster)

In pair bonding animals, coordinated behavior between partners is required for the pair to accomplish shared goals such as raising young. Despite this, experimental designs rarely assess the behavior of both partners within a bonded pair. Thus, we lack an understanding of the interdependent behavioral dynamics between partners that likely facilitate relationship success. To identify intra-pair behavioral correlates of pair bonding, we used socially monogamous prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster) and tested both partners using social choice and non-choice tests at short- and long-term pairing timepoints. Females developed a preference for their partner more rapidly than males, with preference driven by different behaviors in each sex. Further, as bonds matured, intra-pair behavioral sex differences and organized behavior emerged—females consistently huddled more with their partner than males did regardless of overall intra-pair affiliation levels. When animals were allowed to freely interact with a partner or a novel vole in sequential free interaction tests, pairs spent more time interacting together than either animal did with a novel vole, consistent with partner preference in the more commonly employed choice test. Total pair interaction in freely moving voles was correlated with female, but not male, behavior. Via a social operant paradigm, we found that pair-bonded females, but not males, are more motivated to access and huddle with their partner than a novel vole. Together, our data indicate that as pair bonds mature, sex differences and organized behavior emerge within pairs, and that these intra-pair behavioral changes are likely organized and driven by the female animal

Preliminary Evidence of Health Care Provider Support for Naloxone Prescription as Overdose Fatality Prevention Strategy in New York City

Preliminary research suggests that naloxone (Narcan), a short-acting opiate antagonist, could be provided by prescription or distribution to heroin users to reduce the likelihood of fatality from overdose. We conducted a random postal survey of 1,100 prescription-authorized health care providers in New York City to determine willingness to prescribe naloxone to patients at risk of an opiate overdose. Among 363 nurse practitioners, physicians, and physician assistants responding, 33.4% would consider prescribing naloxone, and 29.4% were unsure. This preliminary study suggests that a substantial number of New York City health care providers would prescribe naloxone for opiate overdose prevention.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/40255/2/Coffin_Preliminary Evidence of Health Care Provider_2003.pd

Deportation Stigma and Re-migration

Many, if not most, of those who are forcibly expelled from the country to which they have migrated will not settle in the country to which they have been returned but will leave again. A recent article examined some of the reasons why this should be so. It was argued that in addition to the factors that had caused the original migration, such as fear of persecution, continuing conflict, insecurity, poverty and lack of opportunity, deportation creates at least three additional reasons that make re-migration the most likely outcome. These were debt, family commitments and the shame of failure and or ‘contamination’ leading to stigmatisation. In this article, we explore the stigma of failure and of contamination attached to those deported, and the ways in which they respond to and manage this stigmatisation, including by re-migrating. We use Goffman's concept of stigma and the refinement offered by to further nuance understanding of the impact of deportation

Arabinose substitution effect on xylan rigidity and self-aggregation

Substituted xylans play an important role in the structure and mechanics of the primary cell wall of plants. Arabinoxylans (AX) consist of a xylose backbone substituted with arabinose, while glucuronoarabinoxylans (GAX) also contain glucuronic acid substitutions and ferulic acid esters on some of the arabinoses. We provide a molecular-level description on the dependence of xylan conformational, selfaggregation properties and binding to cellulose on the degree of arabinose substitution. Molecular dynamics simulations reveal fully solubilized xylans with a low degree of arabinose substitution (lsAX) to be stiffer than their highly substituted (hsAX) counterparts. Small-angle neutron scattering experiments indicate that both wild-type hsAX and debranched lsAX form macromolecular networks that are penetrated by water. In those networks, lsAX are more folded and entangled than hsAX chains. Increased conformational entropy upon network formation for hsAX contributes to AX loss of solubility upon debranching. Furthermore, simulations show the intermolecular contacts to cellulose are not affected by arabinose substitution (within the margin of error). Ferulic acid is the GAX moiety found here to bind to cellulose most strongly, suggesting it may play an anchoring role to strengthen GAX-cellulose interactions. The above results suggest highly substituted GAX acts as a spacer, keeping cellulose microfibrils apart, whereas low substitution GAX is more localized in plant cell walls and promotes cellulose bundling