Enchi Fumiko : an examination of political aspects in Enchi Fumiko's works

Writer Enchi Fumiko (1905-1986) is one of the most successful female writer in modem Japan. Having survived major surgical procedures and the Second World War, she subsequently made a late debut as a novelist. In her later years she received many literary awards and eventually, in 1985 was awarded Bunka Kunsho (the Order of Cultural Merit). Among various topics in her works, many critics have recognised her predominant themes of feminine psychology and sexuality. They, however, tend to neglect her political aspects and are reluctant to regard her as either a political or a feminist writer. Regarding feminist themes that Enchi deals with, there is a new perspective that writing about women themselves is political. On the basis of this theory, a re-examination is claimed for Enchi's works. Enchi actually depicts many accurate historical events and also deals with gender issues in the same context. En chi's fundamental challenges to Japanese politics are certainly viewed in her works. She dealt with political issues raised in the period mostly earlier than scholars and her intention to deal with them is praiseworthy. This review of Enchi's works will lead to a new interpretation

Recent changes in the air-sea gas exchange of methyl chloroform

Atmospheric measurements of methyl chloroform provide important constraints on the rate of oxidation of hydrocarbons in Earth's atmosphere. Estimates of the loss of methyl chloroform to the oceans play a small but important role in these calculations. Here, we examine the ocean-atmosphere interaction of methyl chloroform in a global ocean model. Contrary to previous assumptions, these simulations suggest that the high-latitude oceans are currently a source of this chemical to the atmosphere. If confirmed, this finding alters estimates of the change in the atmospheric oxidation rate of hydrocarbons. We highlight the potential usefulness of methyl chloroform as a tracer of ocean circulation

Cold event in the South Atlantic Bight during summer of 2003 : model simulations and implications

Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2007. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research 112 (2007): C05022, doi:10.1029/2006JC003903.A set of model simulations are used to determine the principal forcing mechanisms that resulted in anomalously cold water in the South Atlantic Bight (SAB) in the summer of 2003. Updated mass field and elevation boundary conditions from basin-scale Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM) simulations are compared to climatological forcing to provide offshore and upstream influences in a one-way nesting sense. Model skill is evaluated by comparing model results with observations of velocity, water level, and surface and bottom temperature. Inclusion of realistic atmospheric forcing, river discharge, and improved model dynamics produced good skill on the inner shelf and midshelf. The intrusion of cold water onto the shelf occurred predominantly along the shelf-break associated with onshore flow in the southern part of the domain north of Cape Canaveral (29° to 31.5°). The atmospheric forcing (anomalously strong and persistent upwelling-favorable winds) was the principal mechanism driving the cold event. Elevated river discharge increased the level of stratification across the inner shelf and midshelf and contributed to additional input of cold water into the shelf. The resulting pool of anomalously cold water constituted more than 50% of the water on the shelf in late July and early August. The excess nutrient flux onto the shelf associated with the upwelling was approximated using published nitrate-temperature proxies, suggesting increased primary production during the summer over most of the SAB shelf.The preparation of this paper was primarily supported by the Southeast Atlantic Coastal Ocean Observing System (SEACOOS) and the South Atlantic Bight Limited Area Model (SABLAM). SEACOOS is a collaborative, regional program sponsored by the Office of Naval Research under award N00014-02-1-0972 and managed by the University of North Carolina-General Administration. SABLAM was sponsored by the National Ocean Partnership Program (award NAG 13-00041). Data from ship surveys were collected and processed with the support from NSF grant OCE-0099167 (J. R. Nelson), NSF grant OCE-9982133 (J. O. Blanton, SkIO), NASA grant NAG-10557 (J. R. Nelson), and SEACOOS. NOAA NDBC buoy data and NOS coastal water level records were obtained through NOAA-supported data archives and web portals. Moored instrument data from the Carolina Coastal Ocean Observation and Prediction System (Caro-COOPS) were acquired from the system’s website (http://www.carocoops.org). Caro-COOPS is sponsored by NOAA grant NA16RP2543

Review for the generalist: evaluation of pediatric hip pain

Hip pathology may cause groin pain, referred thigh or knee pain, refusal to bear weight or altered gait in the absence of pain. A young child with an irritable hip poses a diagnostic challenge. Transient synovitis, one of the most common causes of hip pain in children, must be differentiated from septic arthritis. Hip pain may be caused by conditions unique to the growing pediatric skeleton including Perthes disease, slipped capital femoral epiphysis and apophyseal avulsion fractures of the pelvis. Hip pain may also be referred from low back or pelvic pathology. Evaluation and management requires a thorough history and physical exam, and understanding of the pediatric skeleton. This article will review common causes of hip and pelvic musculoskeletal pain in the pediatric population

Configuration and Assessment of the GISS ModelE2 Contributions to the CMIP5 Archive

We present a description of the ModelE2 version of the Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) General Circulation Model (GCM) and the configurations used in the simulations performed for the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5). We use six variations related to the treatment of the atmospheric composition, the calculation of aerosol indirect effects, and ocean model component. Specifically, we test the difference between atmospheric models that have noninteractive composition, where radiatively important aerosols and ozone are prescribed from precomputed decadal averages, and interactive versions where atmospheric chemistry and aerosols are calculated given decadally varying emissions. The impact of the first aerosol indirect effect on clouds is either specified using a simple tuning, or parameterized using a cloud microphysics scheme. We also use two dynamic ocean components: the Russell and HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM) which differ significantly in their basic formulations and grid. Results are presented for the climatological means over the satellite era (1980-2004) taken from transient simulations starting from the preindustrial (1850) driven by estimates of appropriate forcings over the 20th Century. Differences in base climate and variability related to the choice of ocean model are large, indicating an important structural uncertainty. The impact of interactive atmospheric composition on the climatology is relatively small except in regions such as the lower stratosphere, where ozone plays an important role, and the tropics, where aerosol changes affect the hydrological cycle and cloud cover. While key improvements over previous versions of the model are evident, these are not uniform across all metrics