Confined colloidal crystals in and out of equilibrium

Recent studies on confined crystals of charged colloidal particles are reviewed, both in equilibrium and out of equilibrium. We focus in particular on direct comparisons of experiments (light scattering and microscopy) with lattice sum calculations and computer simulations. In equilibrium we address buckling and crystalline multilayering of charged systems in hard and soft slit confinement. We discuss also recent crystalline structures obtained for charged mixtures. Moreover, we put forward possibilities to apply external perturbations, in order to drive the system out of equilibrium. These include electrolyte gradients as well as the application of shear and electric fields.Comment: Review article, 18 pages, 5 figure

Global Well-posedness for the Biharmonic Quintic Nonlinear Schr\"odinger Equation on R2\mathbb{R}^2

We prove that the Cauchy problem for the 2D quintic defocusing biharmonic Schr\"odinger equation is globally well-posed in the Sobolev spaces $H^s(\mathbb{R}^2)$ for $\frac{8}{7}<s<2$. Our main ingredient to establish the result is the $I$-method of Colliander-Keel-Staffilani-Takaoka-Tao \cite{colliander2002almost} which is used to construct the modified energy functional that is conserved in time

Mating type idiomorphs of Pyrenophora teres in Turkey

Pyrenophora teres f. maculata (Ptm) and Pyrenophora teres f. teres (Ptt) causes spot form and net form of net blotch diseases of barley, respectively. Although both forms of P. teres are morphologically similar, their symptoms and genetic background differ. In this study, 175 single spore (109 Ptm and 66 Ptt) isolates obtained from different regions of Turkey were evaluated for their mating type distribution and prevalence. Fungal isolates of both forms were verified using species-speci.c polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers. For mating type determination studies, duplex PCR was performed using MAT-specific single nucleotide polymorphism primers. Sixty and 49 of 109 Ptm isolates were found as MAT1-1 and MAT1-2 types, respectively and 43 and 23 of 66 Ptt isolates were found as MAT1-1 and MAT1-2 types, respectively. These results show the possibility of sexual reproduction among the Ptm isolates in Turkey and Ptt population of Central Anatolia, Turkey. However, the overall pattern of Ptt isolates did not support the sexual reproduction hypothesis in Turkey. Sexual reproduction in the life cycle of P. teres is important since it could lead to genetic and pathogenic variation. As a result of new sexual combinations more virulent pathotypes of P. teres may occur

Planimetry investigation of the corpus callosum in temporal lobe epilepsy patients

Objective: To evaluate the effects of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) on corpus callosum (CC) morphometry in patients with TLE. Methods: This retrospective study was conducted at the Faculty of Medicine, Tekirdag Namik Kemal University, Tekirdag, Turkey between November 2010 and December 2013. The epileptic syndrome diagnosis was based on International League Against Epilepsy criteria, and this study was conducted on the MRIs of 25 epilepsy patients and 25 control subjects. We classified the patients according to their duration of epilepsy: = 10 years. The projection area length (PAL) of the CC was also estimated. Total brain volumes (TBV) were measured on CT images. Results: The mean values of TBV for patients with TLE and the control group were not statistically different, but the CC PAL values were statistically different. The mean CC PAL values of under and over 25 years of age in patients with TLE were statistically different. The mean values of TBV of under and over 10 years duration of TLE were small statistically, but the CC PAL values were statistically different. Conclusion: The results indicate a clear influence of TLE on the structure of the CC rather than TBV

Gençlik ve spor taşra teşkilatı personelinin eğitim ve medeni durumunun iş doyumu üzerine etkisi

Bireylerin tek başlarına gerçekleştiremeyecekleri amaçlarını başkalarıyla bir araya gelip grup olarak çaba, bilgi ve yeteneklerini ortak faydaya ulaştıran iş bölümü ve düzen olan örgütler (Şimşek, 1999: 28), insanlar tarafından kendi yetersizliklerini yenmek için kurulmuşlardır. (Hicks, 1975: 11) Örgütteki ilişkiler genellikle karşılıklı hizmet temeline dayalı işlevsel bir ilişkidir. İşlevsel bir ilişkide, karşılıklı hizmet, yardımlaşma, dayanışma, güven ve destek esastır (Başaran, 1982: 208). Çalışanların işlerine ve işyerlerine karşı tutumlarıyla ilgili araştırmaların temelde çok önemi vardır. Bu araştırmalar sayesinde insan kaynakları ve onların en etkili biçimde kullanılması konusundaki bilinç artmakta, tutumların olumlu yönde geliştirilmesi ve değiştirilmesi elde edilebilmektedir. (Ramazanoğlu, 2001) Bu bağlamda, sporda elit seviyede hizmet sunabilme, kaliteli bir yönetim tarzını başarı ile uygulayabilmesi ve uyumlu bir birlikteliğin tesis edilebilmesi için en üst düzeyde bir hoşnutluğun sağlanabilmesi gerekmektedir. (Ramazanoğlu vd., 2002) Bu çalışmanın amacı, Gençlik ve Spor Genel Müdürlüğü Taşra Teşkilatı personelinin hoşnutluk seviyelerini ortaya çıkararak, işlerinden duydukları memnuniyeti tespit etmek ve çalışanlar açısından değerlendirmesini yapmaktır. Bu bağlamda, söz konusu illerdeki personelin bakış açısı temel alınarak, eğitim ve medeni durumlarına göre hoşnutluk düzeyleri incelenmiştir. Gençlik ve Spor Genel Müdürlüğü Taşra Teşkilatlarından Gaziantep, Kahramanmaraş, Osmaniye, Malatya ve Elazığ İl Müdürlüklerinde çalışan 56 personele Minnesota İş Doyum Ölçeğinin kısa formu uygulanmıştır. Anket uygulamasından elde edilen veriler SPSS’de değerlendirilmiş ve frekans analizi ve puan hesaplaması yapılmıştır

Sporun toplumsal boyutlarının değerlendirilmesi

İnsanların spor yapma alışkanlığını kazanması, yeteneklerinin geliştirilmesi açısından ve sağlıklı kalabilmesi için spor yapmasının gerekli olduğu toplumun her kesimince bilinmektedir. Toplum içerisinde sosyalleşmede bir araç olan spor, fert ve toplum ilişkilerinin geliştirilmesinde de etkili olmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, spor ve toplum ilişkisi içeriğinde ilgili literatür imkan dahilinde taranıp elde edilen veriler ilişkilendirilerek değerlendirilmiştir. Bu çalışma analitik metot kullanılarak yürütülmüştür. Ferdin spora olan ilgisi ve bağı, toplum içinde yaşama kurallarına uyumu zorunlu hale getirmiştir. Spor fiziksel, ruhsal ve toplumsal gelişimde de önemli bir olgudur. Spor, ferde sabırlı ve enerjik olmayı, sosyal grup ve toplum ile bütünleşmeyi sağlarken, fert ile toplum arası ilişkileri daha ahlaki kılmaktadır. Spor sayesinde insanlar aynı amaçlara yönelmeye, birlikte hareket etme duygusunu yaşamaya başlarlar. Sonuç olarak; insan yaşamı ile bütünleşmiş olan spor, insanların sağlıklı, başarılı mutlu olmasında ve yüksek moral gücüne sahip olmasında çok önemli rol oynamaktadır. Spor, insanın toplumda diğer insanlara ulaşmasında bir unsurdur. Yine insanlar spor sayesinde aynı amaçlara yönelmeye, birlikte hareket etme duygusunu yaşamaya başlarlar. Spor, fiziksel, ruhsal ve toplumsal gelişimde de fayda sağlamaktadır

Single-material MoS2 thermoelectric junction enabled by substrate engineering

To realize a thermoelectric power generator, typically, a junction between two materials with different Seebeck coefficients needs to be fabricated. Such differences in Seebeck coefficients can be induced by doping, which renders it difficult when working with two-dimensional (2d) materials. However, doping is not the only way to modulate the Seebeck coefficient of a 2d material. Substrate-altered electron–phonon scattering mechanisms can also be used to this end. Here, we employ the substrate effects to form a thermoelectric junction in ultrathin, few-layer MoS2 films. We investigated the junctions with a combination of scanning photocurrent microscopy and scanning thermal microscopy. This allows us to reveal that thermoelectric junctions form across the substrate-engineered parts. We attribute this to a gating effect induced by interfacial charges in combination with alterations in the electron–phonon scattering mechanisms. This work demonstrates that substrate engineering is a promising strategy for developing future compact thin-film thermoelectric power generators

Mimicking human neuronal pathways in silico: an emergent model on the effective connectivity

International audienceWe present a novel computational model that detects temporal configurations of a given human neuronal pathway and constructs its artificial replication. This poses a great challenge since direct recordings from individual neurons are impossible in the human central nervous system and therefore the underlying neuronal pathway has to be considered as a black box. For tackling this challenge, we used a branch of complex systems modeling called artificial self-organization in which large sets of software entities interacting locally give rise to bottom-up collective behaviors. The result is an emergent model where each software entity represents an integrate-and-fire neuron. We then applied the model to the reflex responses of single motor units obtained from conscious human subjects. Experimental results show that the model recovers functionality of real human neuronal pathways by comparing it to appropriate surrogate data. What makes the model promising is the fact that, to the best of our knowledge, it is the first realistic model to self-wire an artificial neuronal network by efficiently combining neuroscience with artificial self-organization. Although there is no evidence yet of the model's connectivity mapping onto the human connectivity, we anticipate this model will help neuroscientists to learn much more about human neuronal networks, and could also be used for predicting hypotheses to lead future experiments

Energy Consumption, Carbon Emissions and Global Warming Potential of Wolfberry Production in Jingtai Oasis, Gansu Province, China

During the last decade, China's agro-food production has increased rapidly and been accompanied by the challenge of increasing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and other environmental pollutants from fertilizers, pesticides, and intensive energy use. Understanding the energy use and environmental impacts of crop production will help identify environmentally damaging hotspots of agro-production, allowing environmental impacts to be assessed and crop management strategies optimized. Conventional farming has been widely employed in wolfberry (Lycium barbarum) cultivation in China, which is an important cash tree crop not only for the rural economy but also from an ecological standpoint. Energy use and global warming potential (GWP) were investigated in a wolfberry production system in the Yellow River irrigated Jingtai region of Gansu. In total, 52 household farms were randomly selected to conduct the investigation using questionnaires. Total energy input and output were 321,800.73 and 166,888.80 MJ ha−1, respectively, in the production system. The highest share of energy inputs was found to be electricity consumption for lifting irrigation water, accounting for 68.52%, followed by chemical fertilizer application (11.37%). Energy use efficiency was 0.52 when considering both fruit and pruned wood. Nonrenewable energy use (88.52%) was far larger than the renewable energy input. The share of GWP of different inputs were 64.52% electricity, 27.72% nitrogen (N) fertilizer, 5.07% phosphate, 2.32% diesel, and 0.37% potassium, respectively. The highest share was related to electricity consumption for irrigation, followed by N fertilizer use. Total GWP in the wolfberry planting system was 26,018.64 kg CO2 eq ha−1 and the share of CO2, N2O, and CH4 were 99.47%, 0.48%, and negligible respectively with CO2 being dominant. Pathways for reducing energy use and GHG emission mitigation include: conversion to low carbon farming to establish a sustainable and cleaner production system with options of raising water use efficiency by adopting a seasonal gradient water pricing system and advanced irrigation techniques; reducing synthetic fertilizer use; and policy support: smallholder farmland transfer (concentration) for scale production, credit (small- and low-interest credit) and tax breaks