Characteristics of Duplicate Records in OCLC's Online Union Catalog

Duplicate records in the Online Union Catalog of the OCLC Online Computer Library Center, Inc., were analyzed. Bibliographic elements comprise information found in one or more fields of a bibliographic record; e.g., the author element comprises the main and added author entry fields. Bibliographic element mismatches in duplicate record pairs were considered relative to the number of records in which each element was present. When a single element differed in a duplicate record pair, that element was most often publication date. This finding shows that a difference in the date of publication is not a reliable indicator of bibliographic uniqueness. General cataloging and data entry patterns such as variations in title transcription and form of name, typographical errors, mistagged fields, misplaced subfield codes, omissions, and inconsistencies between fixed and variable fields often caused records that were duplicates to appear different. These factors can make it extremely difficult for catalogers to retrieve existing bibliographic records and thus avoid creating duplicate records. They also prevent duplicate detection algorithms used for tape-loading records from achieving desired results. An awareness of particularly problematic bibliographic elements and general factors contributing to the creation of duplicate records should help catalogers identify and accept existing records more often. This awareness should also help to direct system designers in their development of more sensitive algorithms to be used for tape loading. The resulting general reduction in the number of duplicate records in union catalogs will be a major step toward increased cataloger productivity, user satisfaction, and overall online database quality

White-Box Approaches to Cell Culture Media Optimization for Cultivated Meat

This work navigates some of the challenges in optimizing cell culture media for cultivated meat production, aiming to help overcome barriers hindering large-scale commercialization. Beginning with a review of the current state of the science of animal cell culture media, it draws concepts from conventional biomedical applications and microbial fermentation processes for application to cultivated meat. The subsequent experimental studies delve into the intricacies of tailoring media for diverse cell types, exploring the impact of serum-free culture on cellular nutrient requirements, and assessing plant and yeast hydrolysates as alternative nitrogen sources for scalable and cost-effective media formulations. Collectively, the research advocates for tailored and rigorous “white box” media optimization approaches to be used alongside innovative and efficient black box methods. It emphasizes the continued need for nuanced strategies to optimize media for varied cell types, reconcile challenges transitioning to animal component-free formulations, and identify alternative nutrient sources for economically viable cultivated meat production

The modulation function in optics

This item was digitized by the Internet Archive. Thesis (Ph.D.)--Boston UniversityIt is the purpose of this paper to present a method for dealing with optical processes in terms of their capability for preserving object detail in the final image. In general, the main body of the dissertation is divided into three sections. Section I presents, in detailed fashion, a comprehensive background for the subsequent use of Fourier series and integrals. As a starting point, the Sturm-Liouville differential equation is taken and the orthogonality principle for eigenfunctions is developed from it. Applying the results to the one dimensional wave equation, the Fourier series representation is derived along with the expression for discrete eigenvalues. By extending the finite boundaries to infinity, the Fourier integral representation is presented along with the expression for continuous eigenvalues of periodic and transient functions respectively is then presented. For problems possessing rotational symmetry, the Fourier Bessel series is developed from the wave equation in polar coordinates. A demonstration of the orthogonality condition for Bessel functions over an infinite range is presented. The section closes with a brief description of the conditions for performing a Fourier transformation and the interpretation of a linear passive system. Section II deals exclusively with the application of linear network theory to several problems arising in diffraction theory. Emphasis is placed on the methods of evaluating and the interpretation of the modulation function as a contrast rendition versus spatial frequency curve for sine wave targets. Starting with the wave equation for one of the components of the electromagnetic field quantities, the resultant Kirchhoff-Huygens formulation of the diffraction problem is derived making use of the Green's function. With the usual feasible approximations made in the optical case, it is shown that the amplitude of the disturbance in the image plane is the two dimensional Fourier transform of the phase function over the aperture, a result said to have first been pointed out by Michelson. The phase function is such that for an aberrationless system, the actual wave front coincides with the reference sphere and hence the phase function is unity over the aperture and zero elsewhere. With the added relation that the modulation function and intensity distribution for a point source are Fourier transform pairs, it is then shown that the modulation function can be evaluated by means of a convolution integral of the phase function with its complex conjugate. This latter relationship was pointed out by Luneberg and made use of recently by Marechal. The various Fourier relationships are then demonstrated for the one dimensional problem of diffraction by a single slit. The interpretation of the modulation function in terms of contrast rendition and resolution limit is then emphasized for periodic targets. In the two dimensional problem of the circular aperture the geometrical scheme and Steel's method for computing the modulation function are demonstrated. However, since the modulation function is defined as the Fourier transform of the point image intensity distribution, a method for taking the Fourier-Bessel transform of the intensity distribution for a circular aperture is presented. The method used is that of integration with respect to a parameter, the results of which are in complete accord with the other methods of determining the modulation function. Finally the same method of integration is applied to the problem of the annulus and a family of modulation curves with the ratio of inner to outer radii as a parameter is plotted. In section III, the Fourier analysis of several simple scanning systems and an ideal defocused lens are presented. Included in the analysis is a discussion of the phenomena of spurious resolution for periodic targets. A general treatment of edge deterioration and image quality is then given for any symmetrical, degrading point image intensity distributions. Attention is then focused on the problem of synthesizing an optical system as opposed to analysis previously treated. Before such a procedure is outlined a general treatment of random functions is presented and the need for space averages of the functions involved is shown. This discussion leads into the concepts of correlation functions and power density spectra as Fourier transform pairs. In the light of the fact that most optical systems employ incoherent illumination, various restrictions and limitations on the design of an optimum linear filter in the Wiener-Hopf sense are presented. A brief description of specific synthesizing procedures actually in existence is then listed. Finally recommendations for future research in this field are outlined along with the summary of the dissertation proper.https://archive.org/details/modulationfuncti00one

Effects of unilateral resistance training on sexagenarians : an examination of functional, histochemical, biochemical, and morphological changes

The purpose o f this study was to investigate functional, histochemical, biochemical and morphological properties associated with resistance training in the elderly. Ten (8 females, 2 males), moderately active sexagenarians (mean age = 66.3; S.D. +/- 3.7 yrs), volunteered to engage in 8 weeks of isotonic resistance training of the quadriceps muscle of one leg. Training sessions took place three times per week with each session including a warm up and warm down; and three to five sets (ten repetitions per set) of unilateral leg extensions and unilateral leg curls. There were no significant changes in height, weight, and thigh girth with training. Peak torque output at 180 deg/s increased 30.8% (P < 0.05) after training in the experimental limb. No significant changes in peak torque (Pre 78.1 +/- 10.5 N. m; Post 89.1 +/- 15.2 N. m) or mean power (Pre 91.6 +/- 14.5 Nmrads x s-1 Post 106.4 +/- 18.7 Nmrads x s-1) at 60 deg/s were observed. No significant change in peak torque or mean power was noted in the contralateral control limb at either velocity. Although there was a tendency to an increased fibre area in type II fibres (7.3% for IIa and 10.6% for Ilb), fibre cross sectional area (CSA) was unaltered as a result of the resistance training. In addition, there were no significant changes in the muscle fibre type composition, as assessed histochemically or in the proportion o f type I myosin heavy chain (MHC) and heat shock protein 72 as assessed by western blot. These data suggest that an eight week resistance training program is capable o f producing significant increases in isokinetic peak torque in the elderly

A cobalt(II) complex with unique paraSHIFT responses to anions

A cobalt(ii) complex can distinguish between anions by observing the paramagnetic 1H NMR shift.</p

Cysteamine as a future intervention in cystic fibrosis against current and emerging pathogens : a patient-based ex vivo study confirming its antimicrobial and mucoactive potential in sputum

Date of Acceptance: 07/08/2015 Acknowledgement This study was funded by Scottish Enterprise Encompass Kick Start Award KSB001.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

What is news? News values revisited (again)

The deceptively simple question “What is news?” remains pertinent even as we ponder the future of journalism in the digital age. This article examines news values within mainstream journalism and considers the extent to which news values may be changing since earlier landmark studies were undertaken. Its starting point is Harcup and O’Neill’s widely-cited 2001 updating of Galtung and Ruge’s influential 1965 taxonomy of news values. Just as that study put Galtung and Ruge’s criteria to the test with an empirical content analysis of published news, this new study explores the extent to which Harcup and O’Neill’s revised list of news values remain relevant given the challenges (and opportunities) faced by journalism today, including the emergence of social media. A review of recent literature contextualises the findings of a fresh content analysis of news values within a range of UK media 15 years on from the last study. The article concludes by suggesting a revised and updated set of contemporary news values, whilst acknowledging that no taxonomy can ever explain everything

Intrarenal Mas and AT(1) receptors play a role in mediating the excretory actions of renal interstitial angiotensin-(1-7) infusion in anaesthetized rats

New Findings What is the central question of this study? Dietary sodium manipulation alters the magnitude of angiotensin‐(1–7) [Ang‐(1–7)]‐induced natriuresis. The present study sought to determine whether this was related to relative changes in the activity of intrarenal Mas and/or AT1 receptors. What is the main finding and its importance? Angiotensin‐(1–7)‐induced diuresis and natriuresis is mediated by intrarenal Mas receptors. However, intrarenal AT1 receptor blockade also had an inhibitory effect on Ang‐(1–7)‐induced natriuresis and diuresis. Thus, Ang‐(1–7)‐induced increases in sodium and water excretion are dependent upon functional Mas and AT1 receptors. We investigated whether angiotensin‐(1–7) [Ang‐(1–7)]‐induced renal haemodynamic and excretory actions were solely dependent upon intrarenal Mas receptor activation or required functional angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptors. The renin–angiotensin system was enhanced in anaesthetized rats by prior manipulation of dietary sodium intake. Angiotensin‐(1–7) and AT1 and Mas receptor antagonists were infused into the kidney at the corticomedullary border. Mas receptor expression was measured in the kidney. Mean arterial pressure, urine flow and fractional sodium excretion were 93 ± 4 mmHg, 46.1 ± 15.7 μl min−1 kg−1 and 1.4 ± 0.3%, respectively, in the normal‐sodium group and 91 ± 2 mmHg, 19.1 ± 3.3 μl min−1 kg−1 and 0.7 ± 0.2%, respectively, in the low‐sodium group. Angiotensin‐(1–7) infusion had no effect on mean arterial pressure in rats receiving a normal‐sodium diet but decreased it by 4 ± 5% in rats receiving a low‐sodium diet (P < 0.05). Interstitial Ang‐(1–7) infusion increased urine flow twofold and fractional sodium excretion threefold (P < 0.05) in rats receiving a normal‐sodium diet and to a greater extent, approximately three‐ and fourfold, respectively, in rats receiving the low‐sodium diet (both P < 0.05). Angiotensin‐(1–7)‐induced increases in urine flow and fractional sodium excretion were absent in both dietary groups during intrarenal AT1 or Mas receptor inhibition after either losartan or A‐779, respectively. Thus, AT1 receptor activation, as well as Mas receptor activation, plays an essential role in mediating Ang‐(1–7)‐induced natriuresis and diuresis. Whether this is because Ang‐(1–7) partly antagonizes AT1 receptors or whether Ang‐(1–7)‐induced natriuresis is mediated through AT1–Mas receptor dimerization remains unclear

Greater utility of molecular subtype rather than epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers for prognosis in high-risk non-muscle-invasive (HGT1) bladder cancer

Funding Information: ECO and AEK were funded by CRUK programme grant C5255/A23755. We would like to thank Marcus Green for cutting the sections and giving advice on optimisation of antibodies and to Dr Jong‐Wei Hsu for advice on antibody selection. LB was supported by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre (BRC). The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the National Health Service (NHS), the NIHR or the Department of Health. LB is part of the PathLAKE digital pathology consortium. These new Centres are supported by a £50m investment from the Data to Early Diagnosis and Precision Medicine strand of the UK government's Industrial Strategy Challenge Fund, managed and delivered by UK Research and Innovation (UKRI).Peer reviewedPublisher PD

A randomised, double-blind, trial of the safety and efficacy of omarigliptin (a once-weekly DPP-4 inhibitor) in subjects with type 2 diabetes and renal impairment

Aims: To assess the safety and efficacy of omarigliptin in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and chronic renal impairment (RI). Methods: Patients with T2DM with moderate RI (estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR] >= 30 to <60 mL/min/1.73 m(2)) (N=114), severe RI (eGFR <30 mL/min/1.73 m(2)) (N= 55) or end-stage renal disease on dialysis (N= 44), who were either not on an antihyperglycaemic agent therapy for at least 12 weeks at screening, washed-off of oral antihyperglycaemic agent monotherapy or low-dose dual combination therapy, or on insulin monotherapy, with baseline glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) of 6.5%-10.0% were randomised to omarigliptin or to placebo for 24 weeks (primary end-point) followed by a 30-week period with subjects on placebo switched to blinded glipizide (if not on insulin). Results: After 24 weeks, from a mean baseline HbA1c of 8.4% in the omarigliptin group and 8.3% in the placebo group, the least squares mean (95% CI) change from baseline in HbA1c in the overall population (all renal strata combined) was -0.77% (-1.00 to -0.54) in the omarigliptin group and -0.44% (-0.67 to -0.21) in the placebo groupbetween-group difference of -0.33% (-0.63 to -0.02)P=0.035. After 24 weeks, the incidences of subjects with symptomatic hypoglycaemia, one or more adverse event (AE), drug-related AE, serious AE and discontinuation due to an AE were similar in the omarigliptin and placebo groups. Conclusions: In this study in subjects with T2DM and RI, relative to placebo, omarigliptin provided clinically meaningful reductions in HbA1c, had a similar incidence of symptomatic hypoglycaemia and was generally well tolerated.Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USAUniv Fed Sao Paulo, Diabet Ctr, Sao Paulo, BrazilMerck & Co Inc, Kenilworth, NJ USAUniv Fed Sao Paulo, Diabet Ctr, Sao Paulo, BrazilMerck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USAWeb of Scienc