114 research outputs found

    Persistent enhancement of the carrier density in electron irradiated InAs nanowires

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    We report a significant and persistent enhancement of the conductivity in free-standing non intentionnaly doped InAs nanowires upon irradiation in ultra high vacuum. Combining four-point probe transport measurements performed on nanowires with different surface chemistries, field-effect based measurements and numerical simulations of the electron density, the change of the conductivity is found to be caused by the increase of the surface free carrier concentration. Although an electron beam of a few keV, typically used for the inspection and the processing of materials, propagates through the entire nanowire cross-section, we demonstrate that the nanowire electrical properties are predominantly affected by radiation-induced defects occuring at the nanowire surface and not in the bulk.Comment: 18 pages, 5 figure

    The Provision of Services, Interest Margins and Loan Pricing in European Banking

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    This paper assesses the implications on bank interest margins of the expansion into non- traditional fee-based activities in European banking. We use a sample of 602 European commercial and cooperative banks from 1996 to 2002 and consider the total income shares of trading income and commission and fee income as measures of product diversification to explore loan pricing. Our results show that a higher income share from commission and fee activities is associated with lower margins and lower lending rates but that there is no link with trading activities. For banks exhibiting a higher share of commission and fee income there is a weaker link between the rate they charge on loans and borrower default risk. The hypothesis that banks use loans as a loss leader altering default screening and monitoring activities and consequently risk pricing cannot be rejected

    Product Diversification in the European Banking Industry: Risk and Loan Pricing Implications

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    The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between bank risk and product diversification in the changing structure of the European banking industry. Based on a broad set of European banks for the period 1996-2002, our study shows that banks expanding into non-interest income activities present higher risk than banks which mainly supply loans. Whereas previous studies (mainly on U.S. banks) focused on portfolio diversification effects we explore risk implications of cross-selling determinants of loan pricing as an alternative explanation. Our results show that higher income from other activities is associated with lower lending rates which suggests that banks may actually use loans as a loss leader altering default screening and monitoring activities and consequently risk pricing

    Quantitative WD-XRF calibration for small ceramic samples and their source material

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    A wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (WD-XRF) calibration is developed for small powdered samples (300mg) with the purpose of analyzing ceramic artifacts that might be available only in limited quantity. This is compared to a conventional calibration using a larger sample mass (2g). The comparison of elemental intensities obtained in both calibrations shows that the decrease in analyzed sample mass results in a linear decrease in measured intensity for the analyzed elements. This indicates that the small- and large-sample calibrations are comparable. Moreover, the elemental contents of four ceramic sherds and two potential clay sources fall well within the range of the certified reference materials that are the basis of the calibration curves. The advantage with the analytical method presented here is that it is rapid and requires only a small amount of sample that can easily be re-used for further analyses. This method has great potential in ceramic provenance studies

    ELABORATION D’UN MODELE D’EVALUATIONPOUR UNE CARACTERISATION DES VALEURS PAYSAGERES DES SITES PATRIMONIAUX

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    Le prĂ©sent article s’appuie sur l’idĂ©e que la connaissance et la valorisation des paysages culturels d’AlgĂ©rie peuvent devenir une ressource pour son dĂ©veloppement local et rĂ©gional. C’est Ă  dire, les nouvelles interventions qui dĂ©gradent ces paysages et qui se manifestent par la perte d’identitĂ© de cet environnement, nĂ©cessitent en urgence des moyens de comprĂ©hension appropriĂ©s afin d’en tirer les caractĂ©ristiques identitaires et culturelles se rĂ©fĂ©rant Ă  ce patrimoine pour le valoriser et enfin agir en toute sĂ©curitĂ© Prenant l’exemple des villages d’El kantara (Biskra), ce travail fixe comme objectif l’évaluation des caractĂ©ristiques paysagĂšres et culturelles en tant que valeurs qui pourraient ĂȘtre au fondement d’une identification de ces paysages culturels. Pour dĂ©terminer les valeurs capables d’ĂȘtre mesurables et qui serviront d’évaluation, il Ă©tait prĂ©fĂ©rable de commencer d’abord par identifier ce en quoi pourrait consister le concept de 'paysage'. Cette analyse s’est effectuĂ©e Ă  travers un rĂ©pertoire des dĂ©finitions rencontrĂ©es dans la revue de la littĂ©rature, depuis laquelle un modĂšle conceptuel d’évaluation s’est construit. Ce dernier servira comme fondement opĂ©rationnel pour l’analyse. Ensuite, il Ă©tait question de rechercher les valeurs relatives au paysage au sein de diverses sources Ă  caractĂšre littĂ©raire (romans, rĂ©cits de voyages). Une analyse de contenu thĂ©matique a Ă©tĂ© appliquĂ©e Ă  ces sources littĂ©raires en vue d’en dĂ©celer les valeurs et les aspects intangibles issus des dimensions subjectives du paysage culturel.  Par ailleurs, l’opĂ©rationnalisation du concept ‘paysage culturel’ s’est effectuĂ©e au moyen des caractĂ©ristiques hiĂ©rarchisĂ©es de ce qui est communalement appelĂ© pĂŽle objectif du paysage.  Il s’agit effectivement d’identifier les composantes et les indicateurs permettant de fixer les attributs concrets du paysage d’El Kantara Ă  l’aide de l’analyse sitologique, et Ă  travers les diffĂ©rentes Ă©chelles de ce paysage.  Enfin un croisement a Ă©tĂ© Ă©laborĂ© entre les rĂ©sultats de l'analyse de contenu et celle sitologique, et qui ont rĂ©vĂ©lĂ© des caractĂ©ristiques paysagĂšres identifiĂ©s au niveau chaque trame scalaire. Les rĂ©sultats obtenus indiquent que l’existence du paysage d’El kantara s’appuie sur la coexistence vitale de deux niveaux de valeurs ; matĂ©rielles naturelles et immatĂ©rielles culturelles

    Synthesis of long group IV semiconductor nanowires by molecular beam epitaxy

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    We report the growth of Si and Ge nanowires (NWs) on a Si(111) surface by molecular beam epitaxy. While Si NWs grow perpendicular to the surface, two types of growth axes are found for the Ge NWs. Structural studies of both types of NWs performed with electron microscopies reveal a marked difference between the roughnesses of their respective sidewalls. As the investigation of their length dependence on their diameter indicates that the growth of the NWs predominantly proceeds through the diffusion of adatoms from the substrate up along the sidewalls, difference in the sidewall roughness qualitatively explains the length variation measured between both types of NWs. The formation of atomically flat {111} sidewalls on the <110>-oriented Ge NWs accounts for a larger diffusion length

    Caractérisation phénotypique des vaches laitiÚres portant l'haplotype " fertil+/+ " ou " fertil-/- " pour un QTL de fertilité femelle situé sur le chromosome 3

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    Au cours de ces derniĂšres annĂ©es, la fertilitĂ© des vaches laitiĂšres hautes productrices a fortement diminuĂ©, notamment en race Prim'Holstein. Cette baisse de fertilitĂ© est en partie liĂ©e Ă  une intense sĂ©lection de la productivitĂ© laitiĂšre. Des Ă©tudes rĂ©alisĂ©es par des gĂ©nĂ©ticiens ont mis en Ă©vidence plusieurs QTLs (Quantitative Trait Locus) de fertilitĂ© femelle chez la vache laitiĂšre. Nous avons choisi d'Ă©tudier des vaches laitiĂšres homozygotes Ă  l'haplotype favorable "fertil+/+" ou dĂ©favorable "fertil-/-" pour un QTL de fertilitĂ© femelle situĂ© sur le chromosome 3 (QTL-Fert-F-BTA3), ce QTL Ă©tant impliquĂ© dans les Ă©checs prĂ©coces de la gestation. Plusieurs paramĂštres ont Ă©tĂ© Ă©tudiĂ©s sur quarante cinq gĂ©nisses puis sur quarante et une vaches en premiĂšre lactation. Nous avons observĂ© que les primipares "fertil-/-" ont perdu plus de poids que les primipares "fertil+/+" dans les sept premiĂšres semaines aprĂšs vĂȘlage. Dans cette mĂȘme pĂ©riode, la production laitiĂšre ainsi que l'ingĂ©rĂ© alimentaire des primipares "fertil-/-" ont Ă©tĂ© infĂ©rieurs Ă  ceux des primipares "fertil+/+". GrĂące aux profils de progestĂ©rone plasmatique, nous avons constatĂ© que les animaux "fertil+/+" ont repris leur activitĂ© ovarienne plus vite que les animaux "fertil-/-" aprĂšs le vĂȘlage. Nous avons enfin constatĂ© un meilleur taux de rĂ©ussite Ă  la premiĂšre insĂ©mination artificielle pour les animaux "fertil+/+" que pour les animaux "fertil-/-". La perte de poids aprĂšs vĂȘlage plus importante chez les animaux "fertil-/-" pourrait expliquer un allongement de l'inactivitĂ© ovarienne post-partum et une fertilitĂ© plus faible chez ces animaux par rapport aux animaux "fertil+/+"

    Efficient photogeneration of charge carriers in silicon nanowires with a radial doping gradient

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    From electrodeless time-resolved microwave conductivity measurements, the efficiency of charge carrier generation, their mobility, and decay kinetics on photo-excitation were studied in arrays of Si nanowires grown by the vapor-liquid-solid mechanism. A large enhancement in the magnitude of the photoconductance and charge carrier lifetime are found depending on the incorporation of impurities during the growth. They are explained by the internal electric field that builds up, due to a higher doped sidewalls, as revealed by detailed analysis of the nanowire morphology and chemical composition

    Challenges for the Development of New Non-Toxic Antifouling Solutions

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    Marine biofouling is of major economic concern to all marine industries. The shipping trade is particularly alert to the development of new antifouling (AF) strategies, especially green AF paint as international regulations regarding the environmental impact of the compounds actually incorporated into the formulations are becoming more and more strict. It is also recognised that vessels play an extensive role in invasive species propagation as ballast waters transport potentially threatening larvae. It is then crucial to develop new AF solutions combining advances in marine chemistry and topography, in addition to a knowledge of marine biofoulers, with respect to the marine environment. This review presents the recent research progress made in the field of new non-toxic AF solutions (new microtexturing of surfaces, foul-release coatings, and with a special emphasis on marine natural antifoulants) as well as the perspectives for future research directions
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