Phytosanitary practices and evaluation of 17 pesticides residues in tomatoes fruits produced in Foumbot District Western Highland-Cameroon

The involvement of pesticides in agriculture requires the implementation of best phytosanitary practices in order to guarantee the health of populations and preserve the environment. This study focused on the assessment of phytosanitary practices of tomato producers in Foumbot, Western Highlands-Cameroon, and evaluated the residues of 17 pesticides in tomatoes. The methodological approach consisted of field investigations by survey, collection of samples, pesticide residue extraction using QuEChERS method, and their analysis by gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Survey of 100 farmers showed that, they did not comply with the instructions for the use of plant protection products: 56% of farmers interviewed increased the dose of products when they noticed its ineffectiveness; 93% did not the respect pre-harvest intervals; while 77% increased the application frequency at the time of fruiting. All the producers work without personal protective equipment (PPE) and 68% of them use empty packaging for packaging consumable including water, red oil and palm wine. The reuse of empty packaging could expose populations (producers and consumers) to numerous health risks. Regarding pesticides residues, 03 actives ingredients were detected and quantified in the samples, all the samples were contaminated by lambda-cyhalothrin, 86.66% by cypermethrin and 66.66% by acetamiprid. Moreover, residue concentrations above the maximum residue limit (MRL) were found in all the positive samples of lambda-cyhalothrin, and 92.30% of cypermethrin positive samples. This study shows that utilization of plant protection products in Foumbot requires extensive monitoring with producers, in order to reduce risk of consumers exposure

Phytosanitary Practices And Evaluation Of 17 Pesticides Residues In Tomatoes Fruits Produced In Foumbot District Western Highland-Cameroon

The involvement of pesticides in agriculture requires the implementation of best phytosanitary practices in order to guarantee the health of populations and preserve the environment. This study focused on the assessment of phytosanitary practices of tomato producers in Foumbot, European Scientific Journal, ESJ ISSN: 1857-7881 (Print) e - ISSN 1857-7431 January 2021 edition Vol.17, No.3 www.eujournal.org 31 Western Highlands-Cameroon, and evaluated the residues of 17 pesticides in tomatoes. The methodological approach consisted of field investigations by survey, collection of samples, pesticide residue extraction using QuEChERS method, and their analysis by gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Survey of 100 farmers showed that, they did not comply with the instructions for the use of plant protection products: 56% of farmers interviewed increased the dose of products when they noticed its ineffectiveness; 93% did not the respect pre-harvest intervals; while 77% increased the application frequency at the time of fruiting. All the producers work without personal protective equipment (PPE) and 68% of them use empty packaging for packaging consumable including water, red oil and palm wine. The reuse of empty packaging could expose populations (producers and consumers) to numerous health risks. Regarding pesticides residues, 03 actives ingredients were detected and quantified in the samples, all the samples were contaminated by lambda-cyhalothrin, 86.66% by cypermethrin and 66.66% by acetamiprid. Moreover, residue concentrations above the maximum residue limit (MRL) were found in all the positive samples of lambda-cyhalothrin, and 92.30% of cypermethrin positive samples. This study shows that utilization of plant protection products in Foumbot requires extensive monitoring with producers, in order to reduce risk of consumers exposure

Worldwide prevalence, genotype distribution and management of hepatitis C

epatitis C virus (HCV) is one of the leading causes of chronic liver disease, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma, resulting in major global public health concerns. The HCV infection is unevenly distributed worldwide, with variations in prevalence across and within countries. The studies on molecular epidemiology conducted in several countries provide an essential supplement for a comprehensive knowledge of HCV epidemiology, genotypes, and subtypes, along with providing information on the impact of current and earlier migratory flows. HCV is phylogenetically classified into 8 major genotypes and 57 subtypes. HCV genotype and subtype distribution differ according to geographic origin and transmission risk category. Unless people with HCV infection are detected and treated appropriately, the number of deaths due to the disease will continue to increase. In 2015, 1.75 million new viral infections were mostly due to unsafe healthcare procedures and drug use injections. In the same year, access to direct-acting antivirals was challenging and varied in developing and developed countries, affecting HCV cure rates based on their availability. The World Health Assembly, in 2016, approved a global strategy to achieve the elimination of the HCV public health threat by 2030 (by reducing new infections by 90% and deaths by 65%). Globally, countries are implementing policies and measures to eliminate HCV risk based on their distribution of genotypes and prevalence

Update on the distribution of Mansonella perstans in the southern part of Cameroon: influence of ecological factors and mass drug administration with ivermectin

Overview of gender distribution and median age in study sites. Out of 14,293 (6,746 males and 7,547 females) individuals involved in the study, 52.8 % were females. (PDF 224 kb

Commentary:Transcranial stimulation of the frontal lobes increases propensity of mind-wandering without changing meta-awareness

A Commentary on Transcranial stimulation of the frontal lobes increases propensity of mind-wandering without changing meta-awareness by Axelrod, V., Zhu, X., & Qui, J. (2018). Scientific Reports, 8:15975. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-34098-

Understanding and Predicting Human made and Distributed Environmental Toxins on a Molecular Level

There are a wide range of chemicals and chemical mixtures that humans use to control plants, animals and insects. Many of these are poisons and can attack a number of physiological systems. Algaecides, Antifouling agents, Antimicrobials, Attractants, Biopesticides, Biocides Disinfectants and sanitizers, Fungicides, Fumigants, Herbicides, Insecticides, Miticides, Microbial pesticides, Molluscicides, Nematicides; Ovicides, Pheromones, Repellents, Rodenticides as well as some chemical defenses used by plants. Six biological parameters are calculated for dozens of these molecules. (GPCR ligand, Ion channel modulator, Kinase inhibitor, Nuclear receptor ligand, Protease inhibitor, Enzyme inhibitor) to help understand what impact they might have on humans and other mammals. For example, G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), have several names including G protein linked receptors (GPLR). They are a family of protein receptors located on the cell membrane that detect molecular species that can initiate or impact cellular responses. G protein-coupled receptors have been correlated with a large number of diseases including cancer, antibiotics, HIV and Alzheimer’s, are a target of one third of all medicinal drugs currently being utilized. This presentation will identify the best and the worst of chemicals used and make a suggestion for each to lower their negative impact