Development of Liposomal Dry Powder Inhalation to Increase the Effectiveness of Tuberculosis Therapy

Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the most threatening infectious diseases for Indonesian people. The number of TB patients in 2020 was estimated at 845,000 people with 98,000 deaths. One of the factors that causes difficulty in TB therapy is the lack of adherence and the slow development of new antibiotics when antibiotic resistance appears. The development of nanotechnology-based preparation has the potential to increase the therapeutic effectiveness of the active ingredients, such as in the dry powder inhaler form, which allows the active ingredients to be delivered efficiently to the lungs as the target organs. Keywords: tuberculosis, liposomes, antibiotics, dry powder inhalatio

Penerapan Desain Eksperimen Dalam OPtimasi Formula Mikroemulsi Tea Tree Oil

Microemulsion is a transparent, isotropic and thermodynamically stable preparation. Tea tree oil (TTO) is an essential oil extracted from the leaves of Melaleuca alternifolia by steam distillation which has been proven to have antibacterial and fungal uses. Optimization of microemulsion preparations to obtain preparations with small and stable droplet size is also a challenge. The design of an experiment is to design an experiment with a certain pattern, with a combination of certain input variables that allow to shorten the number of experiments. Based on the research results, it is known that the most influential factor on the microemulsion particle size is the combination of surfactants polysorbate 80 with co-surfactants propyleneglycol

Optimization of Tablet Formulations Containing Green Robusta Coffee Beans (Coffea canephora) Extract with Various Concentrations of Sodium Starch Glycolate As a Disintegrant

Chlorogenic acid, found in robusta green coffee beans, is an antidiabetic agent. It is made into robusta green coffee bean extract tablets which are varied with 3 concentrations of sodium starch glycolate (SSG) as a disintegrant. This paper aimed to determine the effect of variations in the concentration of sodium starch glycolate (4%, 6%, 8%) on the physical characteristics of the granules (particle size distribution, flow properties, angle of repose and compressibility) and tablet dosage characteristics, which include, hardness, friability, and disintegration time of robusta green coffee extract tablets. Robusta green coffee bean extract tablets were made with varying concentrations of sodium starch glycolate (4%, 6%, 8%) using the dry granulation method. The granule test parameters: flow properties test, compressibility test and particle size distribution test, were carried along with the tablet test parameters: hardness test, friability test and disintegration time test. Data were analyzed using the one Way-Anova. From the results of the study, it was found that the concentration of SSG did affect granule properties and tablet hardness. There was a significant difference in the friability test and disintegration time test. Keywords: sodium starch glycolate, disintegrant, robusta green coffee bean extract, table

Physical Characteristics of Liposomal Formulation dispersed in HPMC Matrix and Freeze-Dried using Maltodextrin and Mannitol as Lyoprotectan

Background: The present study aims to design formulation of liposomes that are well-preserved during freeze-drying. The combination of Hydroxy Propyl Methyl Cellulose (HPMC) as dispersion matrix and lyoprotectants; maltodextrin or mannitol, was employed to prevent aggregation and/or recrystallization. The obtained dry products were investigated in terms of their physical characteristics. Methods: Liposomes were prepared using thin film method and hydrated with the lyoprotectant solution. The formed liposomes were mixed with HPMC gel and freeze-dried. The obtained solid products were characterized using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Results: The DSC thermograms of formulations with maltodextrin were relatively homogenous, yet exhibiting meta-stable properties. In contrast, the formulations using mannitol showed phase separation. These results were confirmed by XRD data, in which formulations with maltodextrin showed no intensive peaks, indicating amorphous solid while the formulations with mannitol exhibited more intensive peaks, indicating the presence of crystalline solids. The SEM images of both maltodextrin and mannitol-containing formulations showed porous matrix with spherical liposomes trapped in the matrices. The SEM images also correspond to the DSC and XRD data, where crystalline solid existed in the mannitol-containing formula. Conclusion: The developed liposomes formulation using combination of HPMC matrix and maltodextrin showed potential in preserving liposomes structure, contrary to those of using mannitol. Keywords: Liposomes, Lyoprotectant, Freeze-Drying, Maltodextrin, Mannitol, HPM

Remaja dan Alkohol

Empat persent dari total penduduk Indonesia mengkonsumsi alkohol secara nasional. Penggunaan alkohol pada usia remaja perlu mendapatkan perhatian serius karena dampak negatif pada kesehatan dan perkembangan remaja. Faktor determinan yang mempengaruhi remaja mengkonsumsi alkohol adalah usia, jenis kelamin, perhatian orang tua terhadap masalah dan akademik remaja. Penggunaan alkohol pada remaja dapat menimbulkan dampak yang merugikan pada kesehatan remaja. Bahaya yang ditimbulkan berupa penyakit infeksi (seperti penyekit menular seksual), penyakit non infeksi (seperti penyakit jantung, hipertensi), gangguan terhadap kesehatan mental, cidera, dan lainnya. Perhatian orang tua menjadi faktor kunci dalam menghambat konsumsi alkohol pada remaja

Formulations of liposomal vaccine containing AdhO36 antigen and β-glucan as immunoadjuvant

Humans are the most crucial host of Salmonella Typhi as it has limited ability to reproduce outside the human body. Salmonella Typhi infections caused Typhoid fever which can be prevented with vaccines. This study aims to develop an effective typhoid fever oral vaccine using a liposomal delivery system.  Several studies showed that the immunization of AdhO36 protein from Salmonella Typhi orally provides significant protection in inhibiting the Salmonella Typhi to the mice intestine. β-Glucan is a potent immunostimulant for macrophages activations. Meanwhile, the method used to produce Liposome formulations was using thin-film hydration. The liposomal products had good characteristics based on their particle size. The particle size results met the requirement for optimum intestinal absorption 399.220+28.095 nm Liposome+AdhO36 and 383.360+8.594 nm Liposome+β-glucan. Based on the zeta potential measurement, the electrical charges of the three formulations were positive, meaning that the liposome is cationic because of the DDAB (Dimethyl Dioctadecyl Ammonium Bromide) component. The positive charge will facilitate the internalization of antigen to the immunity cells

Nanoemulsion of turmeric in VCO inhibit the progressivity of lung fibrosis due to cigarette exposure

Pulmonary fibrosis is a form of lung damage caused by chronic inflammation. One of the causes is cigarette smoke exposure, which can damage cilia and epithelial cells, that is able to stimulate oxidative stress as well. The inflammatory response by inflammatory cells triggers release of inflammatory mediators, for example, TNF-α. Increased levels of TNF-α indicate a high inflammatory process and a high risk of pulmonary fibrosis. Nanoemulsion of turmeric extract in VCO contains curcumin, which can suppress the secretion and expression of TNF-α through several pathways. This study is aimed to analyze the inhibitory effect of turmeric extract nanoemulsion in VCO on pulmonary fibrosis in an inflammatory way. In this study, 40 white rats were used and divided into five groups; K0 was negative controls group, K1 was exposed to smoke from two cigarettes/day for 42 days, K2 received 0.3 mL dose of nanoemulsion + cigarette exposure, K3 received 0.6 mL dose of nanoemulsion + cigarette exposure and K4 received dexamethasone (0.2 mg/kgBW) + cigarette exposure. Furthermore, plasma TNF-α levels taken from cardiac blood and histopathological preparations (HE, MA) were made from the right lung. One-way ANOVA test was used to analyze plasma TNF-α levels, the Kruskal-Wallis test was used to analyze fibrosis degree scoring based on Aschroft Modification Scale and the correlation test was analyzed by Spearman test. The results showed that 0.3 mL of turmeric extract nanoemulsion in VCO had the best inhibitory effect on progressivity tissue damage and pulmonary fibrosis