The effects of oral reading fluency on reading comprehension for students with reading disabilities and specific learning disabilities

The gap in reading achievement continues to be consistent, despite No Child Left Behind goals to narrow these gaps among minority and other subgroup populations. This gap is especially profound for students with disabilities, and any evidence to support progress monitoring of oral reading fluency (ORF) and comprehension will inform educational policy and practice. The theory of automaticity explains that a reader can focus more attention on the meaning of a reading passage when less attention is needed for word and sound recognition. The literature has suggested that reading comprehension can be improved through efforts to improve ORF. The central purpose of this quantitative, correlation study was to determine the relationship between gains in ORF and gains in reading comprehension of both informational and literary texts among 46 students in Grades 3 through 6 with reading difficulties and specific learning disabilities in a rural southern U.S. school district. A second purpose was to determine whether repeated readings or cold reads is the better predictor of reading comprehension. Gains in ORF rates over a 10-week period, determined by the difference in pre- and postmeasurements on two curriculum-based measures of ORF, were regressed on reading comprehension scores on the Measures of Academic Procedures test. There was not a statistically significant relationship between ORF and reading comprehension gains, and neither repeated readings nor cold reads was statistically a better predictor of reading gains. The findings offer several suggestions for the continuation of support for students who struggle with the reading process. Implications for social change included improved reading levels for those with reading and other specific learning disabilities

LA PORNOGRAPHIE ÉRUDITE DE HILDA HILST

Contos d’Escárnio. Textos Grotescos est le deuxième volume de la trilogie obscène de Hilda Hilst, une série de livres pornographiques publiés par l’auteure entre les années 1990 et 1992. Le projet obscène de l’écrivaine fut un geste de protestation contre le manque de visibilité dont souffrait son œuvre. On s’intéresse dans cet article à la manière dont elle associe le discours pornographique et l’érudition, qui se manifeste dans le roman à travers la multiplicité de références à des ouvrages et à des genres littéraires. Hilst crée ainsi une « pornographie érudite », fusionnant la haute culture et la culture de masse, l'une des caractéristiques des œuvres postmodernes. DOI: https://doi.org/10.47295/mren.v6i1.127

Actes du Colloque Scénariser l'enseignement et l'apprentissage une nouvelle compétence pour le praticien? /

"Colloque organisé dans le cadre de la 8e biennale de l'éducation"Titre de l'écran-titre (visionné le 30 avril 2010

L\u27emploi culturel en région - Synthèse - Juin 2018

L’objectif de cette publication est d’apporter de nouveaux éléments d’éclairage sur l’emploi culturel dans les nouveaux périmètres des territoires régionaux, au travers de la principale source de données exploitées pour l’occasion, la base Dads 2014 - Déclaration annuelle de données sociales de l’Insee

Language policy in Switzerland

Switzerland is often referred to as a success story for handling its linguistic and cultural diversity. Traditionally four languages have been spoken in relatively homogeneous territories: German, French, Italian and Rhaeto–Romanic (Romansh). The first three have been national languages since the foundation of the Confederation in 1848; the fourth became a national language in 1938. In effect, The Law on Languages, in effect since 2010, has regulated the use and promotion of languages and enhanced the status of Romansh as one of the official languages since 2010. While Swiss language policy is determined at the federal level, it is in the actual practice a matter for cantonal implementation. Article 70 of the Swiss Federal Constitution, titled “Languages”, enshrines the principle of multilingualism. A recent project to create legislation to implement multilingualism across the cantons, however, has failed. Thus Switzerland remains de jure quadrilingual, but de facto bilingual at best, with only a handful of cantons recognizing more than one official language (Newman, 2006: 2). Cantonal borders are not based on language: the French-German language border runs across cantons during most of its course from north to south, and such is also the case for [email protected] of Bialystok, PolandAleksandrowicz, M. 2011. ’Multilingualism of Switzerland - Selected Legal Problems.’ Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric, 26 (39): 105-113.Bächtiger, A., Steiner, J. 2004. ‘Switzerland.’ in U.M. Amoretti, N.G. Bermeo (eds.) Federalism and Territorial Cleavages, 27-54. Baltimore and London: John Hopkins University Press.Barbour, S. 2010. ‘Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Luxembourg: The Total Coincidence of Nations and Speech Communities?’ in S. Barbour, C. Carmichael (eds.) Language and Nationalism in Europe, 151-167. Oxford University Press.Bastardas-Boada, A. 2012. Language and Identity Policies in the “Glocal” Age. New Processes, Effects, and Principles of Organization. Barcelona.Brohy, C. 2005. ‘Trilingual Education in Switzerland.’ International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 171, 133-148. Retrieved October 25, 2015 from http://www.serwis.wsjo.pl/lektor/1783/R18%20Brohy%20Trilingual%20edu%20in%20Switzerland.pdfDurham, M. 2006. English in Switzerland: Inherent Variation in a Non-native Speech Community. Retrieved August 20, 2015 from http://www.academia.edu/234939/English_in_Switzerland_Inherent_Variation_in_a_non-native_speech_community.Federal Act of 5 October 2007 on the National Languages and Understanding between the Linguistic Communities (Languages Act) of 5.10.2007 (SR 441.1).Federal Act on the Federal Assembly (Parliament Act, ParlA). Retrieved September 2, 2015 from of 13.12.2002 (SR 171.10). https://www.admin.ch/opc/en/classified-compilation/20010664/index.html.Füglister, K.,Wasserfallen, F. 2014. ‘Swiss Federalism in a Changing Environment.’ Comparative European Politics, 12, 404-421. DOI:10.1057/cep.2014.28.Fulgenzi, E. 2007. Switzerland and the Federal Law on National Languages and Comprehension between Linguistic. Retrived September 9, 2015 from https://vernaculum.files.wordpress.com/2011/10/elisa-6.pdf.Grin, F. 1998. Language Policy in Multilingual Switzerland: Overview and Recent Developments. Retrieved September 10, 2015 from http://edoc.vifapol.de/opus/volltexte/2009/1988/pdf/brief_2.pdf.Grin, F. 2005. New Constitution? New Legislation? Language Policy in the “Swiss Exception”. Retrieved August 10, 2015 from http://socialsciences.uottawa.ca/crfpp/sites/socialsciences.uottawa.ca.crfpp/files/grin.pdfGrin, F., Korth, B. 2005. ‘On the Reciprocal Influence of Language Politics and Language Education: The Case of English in Switzerland.’ Language Policy, 4(1), 67-85.Grin, F., Schwob, I. 2002. ‘Bilingual Education and Linguistic Governance: The Swiss Experience.’ Intercultural Education, 13 (4): 409-426.Hutterli, S. (ed.) 2012. Coordination of Language Teaching in Switzerland. Current Status - Developments - Future Prospects. Retrieved November 10, 2015 from http://edudoc.ch/record/106283/files/Stub34E_e.pdf.Jeffrey, B. 1982. ‘Language and Parliament: We Are not Alone.’ Canadian Parliamentary Review, Autumn, 21-23.Kużelewska, E. 2015. ‘Language Border and Linguistic Legislation in Belgium.’ Michigan State International Law Review. Forum Conveniens 3 (1): 1-12.Leemann, A. 2012. Swiss German Intonation Patterns. John Benjamins Publishing.Levitt, J. 2004. ‘Multilingualism in Switzerland, Belgium and Luxembourg.’ Geolinguistics, 30: 85-96.Lüdi, G., Boillat. J.-M., Bosshard, H.-U., Oertle Bürki, C. 1998. Quelles langues apprendre en Suisse pendant la scolarité obligatoire? Rapport d’un groupe d’experts mandaté par la commission formation général pour élaborer un “Concept général pour l’enseignement des langues” a la conférence suisse des directeurs cantonaux de l’instruction publique. Retrieved November 9, 2015 from http://www.le-ser.ch/system/files/documents/06_CDIP_Concept_gen_ens_langues.pdf.National Council Standing Orders (RCN), du 3.10.2003 (SR 171.13) Retrieved September 2, 2015 from https://www.admin.ch/opc/en/classified-compilation/20030895/index.html.Newman, R. 2006. Swiss Linguistic Rights Report. Retrieved August 28, 2015 from http://www.pen-dschweiz.ch/udb/1369844944dspzkongressTLRCohrid2006.pdf.Nouvelle Histoire de la Suisse et des Suisses. Vol 2. 1986. Lausanne: Payot.Pandolfi, E.M., Christopher Guerra, S., Somenzi, B. 2013. Multilingualism in Switzerland: Receptive Skills in Italian for Promoting Comprehension Between the Language Communities. Retrieved September 5, 2015 from http:// www.cil19.org/uploads/documents/Multilingualism_in_Switzerland-receptive_skills_in_Italian_for_promoting_comprehension_between_the_language_communities.pdf.Pitsch, C. 2010. ‘The Case of Switzerland.’ in Minority Language Protection in Europe: Into a New Decade, 87-96. Strasbourg: Council of Europe Publishing.Rellstab, U. 2001. Transversal Study. Cultural Policy and Cultural Diversity. National Report Switzerland. Retrived September 20, 2015 from: http://www.coe.int/t/dg4/cultureheritage/culture/Completed/Diversity/CCCULT_2001_7_EN.PDF.Richter, D. 2011. ‘The Model Character of Swiss Language Law.’ in A.L. Kjaer, S. Adamo (eds.) Linguistic Diversity and European Democracy, 189-206. Farnham, Burlington: Ashgate.Schmid, C.L. 1981. Conflict and Consensus in Switzerland. University of California Press.Schoch, B. 2000. Switzerland - A Model for Solving Nationality Conflicts?. Report No. 54, 1-64. Frankfurt: Peace Research Institute.Schwab, P. 2014. The Swiss Parliament as a Plurilingual Forum. Retrieved September 1, 2015 from http://www.parlament.ch/d/service-presse/parlamentsdienste/generalsekretaer/Documents/discours-philippe-schwab-asgp-geneve-2014-10-10-e.pdf.Steinberg, J. 1996. Why Switzerland?. Cambridge University Press.Stępkowska, A. 2013. ‘Collective Aspects of Communication: The Italian-speaking Swiss.’ Poznań Linguistic Forum, 26: 1-10.The Swiss Fedreal Supreme Court. The Third Power Within the State. Retrieved August 29, 2015 from http://www.bger.ch/bg_broschuere_a4_e.pdf.Weinreich, U. 2011. Languages in Contact. French, German and Romansh in Twentieth-century Switzerland. John Benjamins Publishing.125-14

Beta spectrum analysis: a new method to analyze mixtures of beta-emitting radionuclides by liquid scintillation techniques

A description is given of a method to couple a liquid scintillation spectrometer to a multichannel pulse-height analyzer to record beta spectra simultaneously with three different energy ranges. Spectra of tritium, carbon-14 and phosphorus-32 recorded by this method are presented. Analyses of the beta spectra are performed by a least-squares technique, and the results are shown in tabular form.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/34026/1/0000302.pd

The seeds of divergence: the economy of French North America, 1688 to 1760

Generally, Canada has been ignored in the literature on the colonial origins of divergence with most of the attention going to the United States. Late nineteenth century estimates of income per capita show that Canada was relatively poorer than the United States and that within Canada, the French and Catholic population of Quebec was considerably poorer. Was this gap long standing? Some evidence has been advanced for earlier periods, but it is quite limited and not well-suited for comparison with other societies. This thesis aims to contribute both to Canadian economic history and to comparative work on inequality across nations during the early modern period. With the use of novel prices and wages from Quebec—which was then the largest settlement in Canada and under French rule—a price index, a series of real wages and a measurement of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) are constructed. They are used to shed light both on the course of economic development until the French were defeated by the British in 1760 and on standards of living in that colony relative to the mother country, France, as well as the American colonies. The work is divided into three components. The first component relates to the construction of a price index. The absence of such an index has been a thorn in the side of Canadian historians as it has limited the ability of historians to obtain real values of wages, output and living standards. This index shows that prices did not follow any trend and remained at a stable level. However, there were episodes of wide swings—mostly due to wars and the monetary experiment of playing card money. The creation of this index lays the foundation of the next component. The second component constructs a standardized real wage series in the form of welfare ratios (a consumption basket divided by nominal wage rate multiplied by length of work year) to compare Canada with France, England and Colonial America. Two measures are derived. The first relies on a “bare bones” definition of consumption with a large share of land-intensive goods. This measure indicates that Canada was poorer than England and Colonial America and not appreciably richer than France. However, this measure overestimates the relative position of Canada to the Old World because of the strong presence of land-intensive goods. A second measure is created using a “respectable” definition of consumption in which the basket includes a larger share of manufactured goods and capital-intensive goods. This second basket better reflects differences in living standards since the abundance of land in Canada (and Colonial America) made it easy to achieve bare subsistence, but the scarcity of capital and skilled labor made the consumption of luxuries and manufactured goods (clothing, lighting, imported goods) highly expensive. With this measure, the advantage of New France over France evaporates and turns slightly negative. In comparison with Britain and Colonial America, the gap widens appreciably. This element is the most important for future research. By showing a reversal because of a shift to a different type of basket, it shows that Old World and New World comparisons are very sensitive to how we measure the cost of living. Furthermore, there are no sustained improvements in living standards over the period regardless of the measure used. Gaps in living standards observed later in the nineteenth century existed as far back as the seventeenth century. In a wider American perspective that includes the Spanish colonies, Canada fares better. The third component computes a new series for Gross Domestic Product (GDP). This is to avoid problems associated with using real wages in the form of welfare ratios which assume a constant labor supply. This assumption is hard to defend in the case of Colonial Canada as there were many signs of increasing industriousness during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The GDP series suggest no long-run trend in living standards (from 1688 to circa 1765). The long peace era of 1713 to 1740 was marked by modest economic growth which offset a steady decline that had started in 1688, but by 1760 (as a result of constant warfare) living standards had sunk below their 1688 levels. These developments are accompanied by observations that suggest that other indicators of living standard declined. The flat-lining of incomes is accompanied by substantial increases in the amount of time worked, rising mortality and rising infant mortality. In addition, comparisons of incomes with the American colonies confirm the results obtained with wages— Canada was considerably poorer. At the end, a long conclusion is provides an exploratory discussion of why Canada would have diverged early on. In structural terms, it is argued that the French colony was plagued by the problem of a small population which prohibited the existence of scale effects. In combination with the fact that it was dispersed throughout the territory, the small population of New France limited the scope for specialization and economies of scale. However, this problem was in part created, and in part aggravated, by institutional factors like seigneurial tenure. The colonial origins of French America’s divergence from the rest of North America are thus partly institutional