The rights of an accused person in Malaysia / Mohd Nasser Mohd Noor

The object of this project is to set forth the various rights of an accused person in Malaysia now in force at the Pre-Trial, Trial and Appeal Stages, to stress on the defects, to explain on their effect and operation by reference, where necessary to decided cases and, wherever possible, to suggest reforms or amendments to the existing law and practice relating thereto. Research for this project paper was conducted at several Libraries namely Perpustakaan Tun Abdul Razak at Mara Institute of Technology, The British Council Library, Perpustakaan Penyelidikan Tun Fuan Stephen, Yayasan Sabah, Kota Kinabalu and the Kota Kinabalu State Library. The writer however, does not profess to be an exhaustive catalogue of the rights discussed in the paper, nor, in so far as it does deal with them, does it profess to do so fully. Moreover, in some cases, as for instance the section dealing with the right of Appeal and the Doctrine of Double Jeopardy, it has not been the writer's intention to provide solutions to problems, but to provoke thought and to provide material from which possible solutions to these problems may be arrived at

The relationships between belief, attitude, subjective norm, and behavior towards infant food formula selection The Views of the Malaysian Mothers

The purpose of the study is to determine the relationships between belief attitude, subjective norm, intention, and behavior towards the choice of infant food based on the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA). An analysis on a sample of 108 mothers indicates that the TRA could be used in predicting choice decision of infant food formulas by explaining 57 percent of the variance in the behavioral intention. The subjective norm component had a higher predictive power than the attitudinal component. Of this nonnative component, parents or relatives and doctors were found to be more influential. Intention to choose an infant formula was also influenced by family income. The belief outcomes in evaluating a premium infant formula and economic infantformula were found to be different. For premium infantformula, brand trusted, closest to breast milk and nutrients content were identified as the dominant attributes. In contrast, availability, affordable, and nutrients content were identified as the prime beliefs in evaluating economic infant formula. Implications of the findings are discussed. Key words: attitudebehaviorbeliefinfant food formulaintenti

What Drives Brand Equity? The Perspective of Malaysian Consumers

Considering the importance of brand equity in brand management and the role played by brand equity in the success of the firm, this study examines the factors that influence the formation of brand equity particularly the equity of brands of household electrical appliances namely televisions, refrigerators and air-conditioners. In the conceptual model of brand equity, the dimensions of brand awareness, brand loyalty, perceived quality, and brand associations are postulated to affect the formation of brand equity. On the basis of an analysis of a survey data of 501 respondents taken from consumers of household electrical appliances in the state of Selangor and the Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur; this study found that the dimensions of brand equity comprised of three elements, namely, brand distinctiveness, brand loyalty, and brand awareness/associations. These three elements were found to have positive and significant influences on the formation of brand equity of electrical goods

Discretionary Collaborative Behaviour (Dcb) Of Students From Institutes Of Higher Learning In Malaysia

It is generally accepted that a graduate who is satisfied with the quality of his or her educational experience is likely to reciprocate by performing certain behaviours that benefit the alma mater. Whether or not this reciprocating behaviour is consistent across all individuals, however, is much less clear. The present study addresses this question using the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) to measure life satisfaction. Three components of intended discretionary collaborative behaviours (IDCB) – institutional support, word-of-mouth, and financial contributions –were extracted from factor analysis. Using data from 167 usable responses to a mail and e-mail survey of 1,500 MBA graduates, we find that for low levels of life satisfaction, the impact of overall student satisfaction (OSS) on the components of IDCB was either negligible or negative. However, for high levels of life satisfaction, the impact was generally in a positive direction, and a moderate level of OSS was already sufficient for the graduates to perform intended discretionary services in terms of word-of-mouth and financial contributions. Taken together, the outcomes of this study may offer preliminary support that, even though the occurrence of student dissatisfaction with overall services is known to reduce the likelihood of IDCBs, it is possible that high levels of life satisfaction may serve as support against the non-performance of IDCBs

Cardholders' Attitude And Bank Credit Card Usage In Malaysia: An Exploratory Study

The study is aimed at validating attributes that influence the differences in attitudes among active and inactive cardholders. By focusing on relevant attributes that have been identified, it is believed that credit card issuing banks can position themselves effectively via their marketing strategies to activate their existing cardholders' usage rate as well as to attract new active cardholders. Thirteen important attributes were used to measure credit cardholders' attitude. These attributes include acceptance level, credit limit, interest-free repayment period, annual fee, application approval period, ancillary functions, handling of cardholders' complaints, issuing bank image, gift/bonus to new applicants, card design, leaflet to describe the card,and advertising by the issuing bank. Acceptance level, credit limit, interest free repayment period, ancillary functions, handling of cardholders' complaints, bank image, and bank advertising were found to be the most important attributes that influenced cardholders' attitudes in distinguishing active from inactive cardholders. Based on the results of the study, several suggestions are forwarded to credit card issuing banks as a step to stimulate credit cardholders' usage level. Among these are to work closer with various retailers to promote the credit card payment mode, to provide adequate credit limit to cardholders, to extend interest free repayment period from 20 days to 30 days, to implement strategic alliances with firms involved in travelling, entertainment, insurance, and telecommunications and, to advertise more so as to create a brand name for the issuing bank

Students' choice intention of a higher learning institution: An application of the theory of reasoned action (TRA)

The purpose of the present study is to identify the determinants of upper secondary level students' intentions whether to choose a private or a public higher learning institution. Ajzen and Fishbein (1980) Theory of Reasoned Action was used as the basis for this study. The theory posits that the immediate determinant of behavior is intention. Intention is determined by the weighted attitude to ward the behavior and the weighted subjective norm. Combinations of beliefs, evaluations, and motivation to comply determine attitude and subjective norm towards behavior. Salient belief related to attitude towards both private and public institutions of higher learning and salient beliefs related to the subjective norm for both private and public higher learning institutions were identified. The sample consisted of 132 students whose age ranges from 16 years to 24 years. Hypotheses generated in accordance to the theory were confirmed. The findings also showed that attitude toward behavior and subjective norm explained 75% of the variance in behavioral intention both private and public institutions of higher learning. Attitude toward behavior had a greater relative weight (p = 0.539) compared to the subjective norm(p= 0.401) for both private and public higher learning institutions. Implications of the above findings are discussed

Receptiveness Of Internet Banking By Malaysian Consumers: The Case Of Penang

This is a study about Internet banking acceptance in Malaysia. Due to the impending liberalization, Malaysian banks are desperately embracing this new distribution channel to prepare themselves for the competition which is looming in the near future. Although the awareness level is high, this has not translated into actual use as only 23% have had some Internet banking experience. Security, availability of infrastructure and complexity of technology were main concerns reported by the respondents which is hindering the migration from traditional banking to Internet banking. In terms of external variables only prior experience and external pressure has been found to influence the intention to use. Perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness has been found to be significantly related to intention and perceived usefulness has been found to be a better predictor of intention to use compared to ease of use. In short it can be concluded that perceived usefulness is the driver of the intention to use Internet banking. The implications of this research is further explored

Impact of opioid-free analgesia on pain severity and patient satisfaction after discharge from surgery: multispecialty, prospective cohort study in 25 countries

Background: Balancing opioid stewardship and the need for adequate analgesia following discharge after surgery is challenging. This study aimed to compare the outcomes for patients discharged with opioid versus opioid-free analgesia after common surgical procedures.Methods: This international, multicentre, prospective cohort study collected data from patients undergoing common acute and elective general surgical, urological, gynaecological, and orthopaedic procedures. The primary outcomes were patient-reported time in severe pain measured on a numerical analogue scale from 0 to 100% and patient-reported satisfaction with pain relief during the first week following discharge. Data were collected by in-hospital chart review and patient telephone interview 1 week after discharge.Results: The study recruited 4273 patients from 144 centres in 25 countries; 1311 patients (30.7%) were prescribed opioid analgesia at discharge. Patients reported being in severe pain for 10 (i.q.r. 1-30)% of the first week after discharge and rated satisfaction with analgesia as 90 (i.q.r. 80-100) of 100. After adjustment for confounders, opioid analgesia on discharge was independently associated with increased pain severity (risk ratio 1.52, 95% c.i. 1.31 to 1.76; P < 0.001) and re-presentation to healthcare providers owing to side-effects of medication (OR 2.38, 95% c.i. 1.36 to 4.17; P = 0.004), but not with satisfaction with analgesia (beta coefficient 0.92, 95% c.i. -1.52 to 3.36; P = 0.468) compared with opioid-free analgesia. Although opioid prescribing varied greatly between high-income and low- and middle-income countries, patient-reported outcomes did not.Conclusion: Opioid analgesia prescription on surgical discharge is associated with a higher risk of re-presentation owing to side-effects of medication and increased patient-reported pain, but not with changes in patient-reported satisfaction. Opioid-free discharge analgesia should be adopted routinely

Effects of hospital facilities on patient outcomes after cancer surgery: an international, prospective, observational study

Background Early death after cancer surgery is higher in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) compared with in high-income countries, yet the impact of facility characteristics on early postoperative outcomes is unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the association between hospital infrastructure, resource availability, and processes on early outcomes after cancer surgery worldwide.Methods A multimethods analysis was performed as part of the GlobalSurg 3 study-a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study of patients who had surgery for breast, colorectal, or gastric cancer. The primary outcomes were 30-day mortality and 30-day major complication rates. Potentially beneficial hospital facilities were identified by variable selection to select those associated with 30-day mortality. Adjusted outcomes were determined using generalised estimating equations to account for patient characteristics and country-income group, with population stratification by hospital.Findings Between April 1, 2018, and April 23, 2019, facility-level data were collected for 9685 patients across 238 hospitals in 66 countries (91 hospitals in 20 high-income countries; 57 hospitals in 19 upper-middle-income countries; and 90 hospitals in 27 low-income to lower-middle-income countries). The availability of five hospital facilities was inversely associated with mortality: ultrasound, CT scanner, critical care unit, opioid analgesia, and oncologist. After adjustment for case-mix and country income group, hospitals with three or fewer of these facilities (62 hospitals, 1294 patients) had higher mortality compared with those with four or five (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 3.85 [95% CI 2.58-5.75]; p<0.0001), with excess mortality predominantly explained by a limited capacity to rescue following the development of major complications (63.0% vs 82.7%; OR 0.35 [0.23-0.53]; p<0.0001). Across LMICs, improvements in hospital facilities would prevent one to three deaths for every 100 patients undergoing surgery for cancer.Interpretation Hospitals with higher levels of infrastructure and resources have better outcomes after cancer surgery, independent of country income. Without urgent strengthening of hospital infrastructure and resources, the reductions in cancer-associated mortality associated with improved access will not be realised