Types of family farm association in the rural development of Argentina in recent decades (1990-2014)

El asociativismo en el medio rural ha sido destacado históricamente como un factor que contribuyó al desarrollo de los pequeños y medianos productores agropecuarios. Desde la década de 1990 hasta la actualidad se observa una intensificación del pluralismo asociativo argentino en favor de los sectores de la agricultura familiar, con el surgimiento de cientos de nuevas asociaciones autogeneradas o promovidas por programas de desarrollo rural públicos y privados, y que a pesar de caracterizarse por la actividad cooperativa de sus integrantes no han adoptado esa forma jurídica tradicional. El objetivo de este trabajo consiste en delimitar una serie de nociones que permitan delimitar ese vasto y diversificado universo de asociaciones que identificamos como Asociaciones Económicas de la Agricultura Familiar (AEAF), construyendo, para ello, una serie de tipos ideales con el fin de proponer una herramienta para el abordaje empírico de su estudio en diferentes realidades locales, nacionales y regionales.Les associations dans le milieu rural se sont imposées historiquement comme facteur ayant contribué au développement des petits et moyens agriculteurs et éleveurs. Depuis les années 1990 jusqu’à aujourd’hui, on observe une intensification du pluralisme associatif argentin en faveur des secteurs de l’agriculture familiale, avec l’apparition de centaines de nouvelles associations autogénérées ou promues par des programmes de développement rural publics et privés, qui, même si elles sont caractérisées par l’activité coopérative de leurs membres, n’ont pas adopté cette forme juridique traditionnelle. Ce travail vise à déterminer une série de notions permettant de délimiter ce vaste et divers milieu d’associations identifiées comme Associations Économiques de l’Agriculture Familiale (AEAF), en établissant, pour cela, une série de types idéaux pour proposer un outil d’analyse empirique de leur étude sur différentes réalités locales, nationales et régionales.Associations in rural areas have traditionally been pointed to as a factor that contributes to the development of small and medium-sized farming. From 1990 to the present, the number of associations in Argentina has multiplied among family farms. Hundreds of new associative partnerships have emerged, self-generated or promoted by public or private rural development programs, but although they are characterized by the cooperative activity of their members, they have not adopted this traditional legal form. The objective of this paper is to outline a set of notions that define the vast and diverse universe of associations identified as Economic Associations of Family Farms (AEAF) by constructing a series of ideal types, in order to propose a tool for an empirical approach to their study in different local, national and regional situations.Fil: Lattuada, Mario Jose. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Humanidades y Artes; Argentina. Universidad Abierta Interamericana; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnológico Rosario; ArgentinaFil: Nogueira, Maria Elena. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencia Política y Relaciones Internacionales; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Urcola, Marcos Andres. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencia Política y Relaciones Internacionales; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin

On the ordeal of quinolone preparation via cyclisation of aryl-enamines; synthesis and structure of ethyl 6-methyl-7-iodo-4-(3-iodo-4-methylphenoxy)-quinoline-3-carboxylate

Recent studies directed to the design of compounds targeting the bc(1) protein complex of Plasmodium falciparum, the parasite responsible for most lethal cases of malaria, identified quinolones (4-oxo-quinolines) with low nanomolar inhibitory activity against both the enzyme and infected erythrocytes. The 4-oxo-quinoline 3-ester chemotype emerged as a possible source of potent bc(1) inhibitors, prompting us to expand the library of available analogs for SAR studies and subsequent lead optimization. We now report the synthesis and structural characterization of unexpected ethyl 6-methyl-7-iodo-4-(3-iodo-4-methylphenoxy)quinoline-3-carboxylate, a 4-aryloxy-quinoline 3-ester formed during attempted preparation of 6-methyl-7-iodo-4-oxo-quinoline-3-carboxylate (4-oxo-quinoline 3-ester). We propose that the 4-aryloxy-quinoline 3-ester derives from 6-methyl-7-iodo-4-hydroxy-quinoline-3-carboxylate (4-hydroxy-quinoline 3-ester), the enol form of 6-methyl-7-iodo-4-oxo-quinoline-3-carboxylate. Formation of the 4-aryloxy-quinoline 3-ester confirms the impact of quinolone/hydroxyquinoline tautomerism, both on the efficiency of synthetic routes to quinolones and on pharmacologic profiles. Tautomers exhibit different cLogP values and interact differently with the enzyme active site. A structural investigation of 6-methyl-7-iodo-4-oxo-quinoline-3-carboxylate and 6-methyl-7-iodo-4-hydroxy-quinoline-3-carboxylate, using matrix isolation coupled to FTIR spectroscopy and theoretical calculations, revealed that the lowest energy conformers of 6-methyl-7-iodo-4-hydroxy-quinoline-3-carboxylate, lower in energy than their most stable 4-oxo-quinoline tautomer by about 27 kJ mol(-1), are solely present in the matrix, while the most stable 4-oxo-quinoline tautomer is solely present in the crystalline phase.Fundacao para a Ciencia e Tecnologia (FCT - Portugal) [UID/Multi/04326/2013]; QREN-COMPETE-UE; CCMAR; FCT [SFRH/BD/81821/2011, RECI/BBB-BQB/0230/2012, UI0313/QUI/2013, UID/FIS/04564/2016]; FEDER/COMPETE-UE; [PTDC/QEQ-QFI/3284/2014 - POCI-01-0145-FEDER-016617]info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

The impact of Zika in Minas Gerais, Brazil: epidemiological profile and spatial diffusion of the disease, 2015-2019

Objective: To overview the epidemiological profile for Zika in MG and map its spatial diffusion from 2015 (onset of the outbreak) to 2019. Method: this is a descriptive observational study based on three secondary databases: Disease Notification System (SINAN), the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) and the Health Surveillance Secretariat of Minas Gerais State (SVS-SES/MG). The spatial diffusion of the confirmed cases was georeferenced with Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Geographic Database (BDG), using ArcGIS 10.3 software. Results: in Minas Gerais, the spread of Zika was similar to other regions of Brazil. 10,465 cases were confirmed and of these, 26.5% were pregnant women. Almost 80% of the reported cases were female. The first cases were recorded in 2015, reaching all 13 regions in 2016, declining in 2017 and 2018, increasing again in 2019. Final considerations: in addition to socio-economic inequalities in Minas Gerais, it can be argued that women who are young, mixed-race, with low-education and from vulnerable areas are more likely to be affected by the disease. The analysis of disease epidemiology and mapping may better access disease impact, thus contributing to more adequate public health policies and planning

How mothers and educators perceive the care provided by daycare centers

OBJECTIVE: The objectives of this study were to (a) know how mothers of infants (0 to 2 years) perceived the care provided to their children by daycare centers and (b) know how educators perceived their roles in the care provided to infants and their families. METHODS: The quantitative approach to research was used together with the focus group technique. Five focus groups were conducted with mothers and two with educators from public daycare centers of the municipality of São Paulo. RESULTS: Three themes were identified in the material collected from the mothers: family relationship with the daycare center, care provided to the infant by the daycare center and the public policy on daycare. Among educators, the themes were: difficulties in the work routine, relationship with the infant's family, relationship with the coordinators of the daycare facility, professional training and starting a career. CONCLUSION: Since the mothers considered themselves privileged to be able to leave their infants in a free-of-charge daycare facility, they were not very demanding of the quality of care provided to their infants. What they value the most are the aspects associated with feeding, hygiene and administration of medications. Regarding the educators, there are many limitations in their working conditions, especially regarding the shortage of educators. The relationship between the educator and the family is ambiguous: sometimes the educators consider the mothers to be careless and irresponsible and sometimes longing for attention and help. Two issues deserve to be investigated in future researches: the relationship between the daycare centers and the health services and the working conditions of the educators.OBJETIVOS: Este estudo teve como objetivos: a) conhecer as percepções de mães de crianças de zero a dois anos sobre os cuidados desenvolvidos pelas creches freqüentadas por seus filhos; b) conhecer as percepções das educadoras sobre o seu papel nos cuidados oferecidos às crianças e suas famílias. MÉTODOS: Foi utilizada a abordagem qualitativa de pesquisa, com aplicação da técnica do grupo focal. Foram realizados, em creches da Prefeitura do Município de São Paulo, cinco grupos focais com mães e dois com educadoras. RESULTADOS: No material obtido com as mães, foram identificados três eixos temáticos: relações da família com a creche; cuidados prestados à criança pela creche; creche enquanto política pública. Nos grupos das educadoras, os eixos foram: dificuldades dentro das rotinas de trabalho; relação educadora-família; relações com a coordenação da creche; inserção e capacitação profissional. CONCLUSÃO: As mães, por se considerarem privilegiadas em terem acesso às creches, apresentam baixa exigência com relação aos cuidados prestados. O que mais valorizam são os aspectos relacionados com alimentação, higiene e administração de medicamentos. Quanto às educadoras, há grandes limitações quanto às suas condições de trabalho, principalmente no que diz respeito ao pequeno número de profissionais. A relação educadora-família é ambígua: as educadoras ora consideram as mães omissas e irresponsáveis ora as consideram carentes e necessitadas de ajuda. São recomendadas futuras pesquisas sobre dois temas: a relação entre as creches e os serviços de saúde e as condições de trabalho das educadoras.Universidade de São Paulo Faculdade de Saúde Pública Departamento de Prática de Saúde PúblicaInstituto de Saúde Núcleo de Práticas de SaúdeUniversidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Departamento de Pediatria Disciplina de NutrologiaUNIFESP, Depto. de Pediatria Disciplina de NutrologiaSciEL

State management of rural development and family farm in Argentina: Styles of management and conjunctural analysis (2004-2014 and 2015-2017)

La gestión estatal del desarrollo rural y la agricultura familiar forma parte de la agenda pública de principios del siglo XXI. Los modos de intervenir en dichas problemáticas se traducen en acciones continuas desde la creación de la Reunión Especializada de la Agricultura Familiar (REAF) del Mercosur y los Foros Nacionales de la Agricultura Familiar (FoNAF) entre 2004 y 2006, hasta la sanción de la Ley Nº 27.118 de Reparación Histórica de la Agricultura Familiar en 2014, sólo por señalar hitos de relevancia. Sin embargo, hacia finales de 2015, se introduce una nueva serie de reformas del aparato estatal con efectos en la organización general de los ministerios y la visibilidad y alcance de las problemáticas, entre los aspectos más destacados. Este contexto nos interpela respecto de la continuidad de las acciones de desarrollo rural y agricultura familiar planteadas con anterioridad. El objetivo de este artículo es dar cuenta de estas incipientes reformas estatales y cómo han afectado, en términos de continuidad y relevancia, lo acontecido en estas áreas durante el período 2004-2014. Para esto, realizaremos un balance de dicho período que nos permita contrastar el momento actual (2015-2017), construido a partir de un análisis de tipo coyuntural. Las fuentes para el análisis del período 2004-2014 se componen de diversos materiales (con datos primarios y secundarios) recogidos en el marco de investigaciones previas sobre la temática; mientras que el análisis de coyuntura se realiza a partir de artículos periodísticos, documentos y publicaciones oficiales y entrevistas en profundidad a informantes clave.State management of rural development and family farm is an issue in the public agenda since the beginning of the 21st century. In this sense, the ways of intervening in these problems produce continuous actions since the creation of the Specialized Meeting on Family Agriculture (REAF) of Mercosur and the National Forums of Family Agriculture (FoNAF) between 2004 and 2006, to the Law Nº 27.118 of Historical Reparation of Family Agriculture in 2014, only to point out some milestones of relevance. However, since the last part of 2015, a new series of State´s reforms produce effects on the general organization of the ministries and the visibility of the above mentioned issue. This new context challenges us in regard to the continuity of the rural development and family farm actions previously raised. The objective of this article is to consider these incipient State´ reforms and how they have affected, in terms of continuity and relevance, the roles of these areas during the period 2004-2014. To do this, we will make a balance of this period that allow to contrast the current situation (2015-2017), based on the technique of conjunctural analysis. The sources selected for the period 2004-2014 are composed of several materials (with primary and secondary data) collected to a previous research on the subject; while the analysis of the situation is based on newspaper articles, official documents and publications and in-depth interviews with key informants.Fil: Nogueira, Maria Elena. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Rosario; ArgentinaFil: Urcola, Marcos Andres. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Políticas y Relaciones Internacionales. Escuela de Relaciones Internacionales; ArgentinaFil: Lattuada, Mario Jose. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Rosario; Argentina. Universidad Abierta Interamericana; Argentin

ELECTRONIC GOVERNMENT POLICIES IN BRAZIL: CONTEXT, ICT MANAGEMENT AND OUTCOMES

The State Reform processes combined with the emergence and use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) originated electronic government policies and initiatives in Brazil. This paper dwells on Brazilian e-government by investigating the institutional design it assumed in the state's public sphere, and how it contributed to outcomes related to e-gov possibilities. The analyses were carried out under an interpretativist perspective by making use of Institutional Theory. From the analyses of interviews with relevant actors in the public sphere, such as state secretaries and presidents of public ICT companies, conclusions point towards low institutionalization of e-gov policies. The institutional design of Brazilian e-gov limits the use of ICT to provide integrated public services, to amplify participation and transparency, and to improve public policies management

Effect of chaethomellic acid on renal function in rat model of chronic renal failure

To study the effect of chronic treatment with chaethomellic acid (CA), a highly specific inhibitor of ras farnesyl-protein transferase, on the renal function of rats with renal failure induced by renal mass reduction. Male Wistar rats were subjected to 5/6 nephrectomy (RMR) or sham-operated (SO). One week after surgery, rats have been placed in four experimental groups: RMR: rats without treat- ment (n=13); RMR+CA: rats treated with CA (n=13); SO: rats without treatment (n=13); SO+AC: rats treated with CA (n=13). CA was intraperitoneally administered in a dose of 0.23 g/Kg three times a week for 6 months. Creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and protein were measured in serum and/or urine by routine laboratory techniques. BUN, creatinine, and proteinuria were significantly lower and creatinine clearance was significantly higher in SO and SO+AC groups when compared with RMR and RMR+AC groups. There were no differ- ences in creatinine, proteinuria and creatinine clearance between RMR and RMR+AC groups. Anyway, RMR+AC group showed significant lower BUN and lower creatinine and proteinuria, and higher creatinine clearance than RMR group. In a model of renal failure induced by RMR, 6 months of treatment with CA may have some beneficial effect on renal function

Effect of chaethomellic acid on renal function in a rat model of chronic renal failure

To study the effect of chronic treatment with chaethomellic acid (CA), a highly specific inhibitor of ras farnesyl-protein transferase, on the renal function of rats with renal failure induced by renal mass reduction. Male Wistar rats were subjected to 5/6 nephrectomy (RMR) or sham-operated (SO). One week after surgery, rats have been placed in four experimental groups: RMR: rats without treat- ment (n=13); RMR+CA: rats treated with CA (n=13); SO: rats without treatment (n=13); SO+AC: rats treated with CA (n=13). CA was intraperitoneally administered in a dose of 0.23 g/Kg three times a week for 6 months. Creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and protein were measured in serum and/or urine by routine laboratory techniques. BUN, creatinine, and proteinuria were significantly lower and creatinine clearance was significantly higher in SO and SO+AC groups when compared with RMR and RMR+AC groups. There were no differ- ences in creatinine, proteinuria and creatinine clearance between RMR and RMR+AC groups. Anyway, RMR+AC group showed significant lower BUN and lower creatinine and proteinuria, and higher creatinine clearance than RMR group. In a model of renal failure induced by RMR, 6 months of treatment with CA may have some beneficial effect on renal function

Cuidadores de indivíduos com lesão medular: sobrecarga do cuidado

Estudo seccional que teve como objetivos avaliar a sobrecarga do cuidado para cuidadores de indivíduos com Lesão Traumática da Medula Espinhal (LTME) e a sua associação com as variáveis sociodemográficas (sexo e idade), estado de saúde (enfermidades autorrelatadas) e características do cuidado (tempo de cuidado em anos e horas diárias de cuidado). Os dados foram coletados por consulta aos prontuários e entrevistas individuais no domicílio utilizando o instrumento Caregiver Burden Scale (CBScale). Os resultados apontaram que a maior sobrecarga ocorreu nos domínios: ambiente, decepção e tensão geral. Apresentar problema de saúde (para todos os domínios do CBScale) e despender mais horas por dia nos cuidados (no domínio decepção) representaram as variáveis associadas à sobrecarga. Estudos de natureza mais confirmatória do que exploratória entre as variáveis estudadas poderão utilizar a medida de sobrecarga obtida nesta população de cuidadores de indivíduos com LTME.Estudio transversal que tuvo como objetivo evaluar la carga del cuidado de los cuidadores de las personas con Lesión Traumática de Médula Espinal (LTME) y su asociación con variables sociodemográficas (edad y sexo), estado de salud (auto-reporte de enfermedades) y características de la atención (tiempo de atención en los últimos años y las horas de atención). Los datos fueron recogidos por los registros hospitalarios y entrevistas en el hogar utilizando el instrumento Caregiver Burden Scale (CBScale). Los resultados mostraron que la mayor sobrecarga ocurrido en áreas: ambiente, decepción y tensión general. Problema de salud actual (para todas las áreas de CBScale) y pasar más horas por día en la atención (en el campo decepción) representaran las variables asociadas con a sobrecarga. Estudios de una confirmación, más que exploratorio entre variables se pueden utilizar para medir la sobrecarga obtenido en esta población de los cuidadores de los individuos con LTME.A sectional study that had as its objectives to assess caregiver burden of for caregivers of individuals with Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury (TSCI) and its association with sociodemographic variables (age and sex), health status (self-reported illnesses) and caregiver characteristics (care time in years and daily hours of care). Data were collected by consultation of patient files and individual interviews at home using the instrument, Caregiver Burden Scale (CBScale). The results showed that most burden occurred in the domains: environment, disappointment and general strain. Presenting health problem (for all domains of the CBScale) and spending more hours per day in care (in the domain disappointment) represented the variables associated with burden. Studies of a more confirmatory nature than exploratory between the variables studied can be used to measure the burden obtained in this population of caregivers of individuals with TSCI

Cystatin C and renal function in pediatric kidney transplant recipients

In clinical practice, the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is often determined with serum creatinine. However, studies have shown cystatin C to be a better parameter for the diagnosis of impaired renal function. We compared GFR estimated by plasma cystatin C with GFR estimated by serum creatinine in a sample of 50 pediatric renal transplant recipients and 24 healthy children. The correlation between GFR estimated by serum creatinine and by cystatin C was significant (r = 0.75; P < 0.001, Person’s correlation); however, in pediatric kidney transplant recipients, the GFR was 6.7 mL/min lower when determined using cystatin C rather than serum creatinine. Moreover, using GFR estimated by cystatin C we found that 42% of the pediatric kidney transplant recipients had an estimated GFR <60 mL·min-1·1.73 (m²)-1, whereas when GFR was estimated by the serum creatinine formula only 16% of the children had values below this cutoff point indicative of chronic kidney disease (P < 0.001). We conclude that, in pediatric kidney transplant recipients, estimation of GFR yields lower values when cystatin C is used rather than serum creatinine.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Departamento de Medicina Disciplina de NefrologiaUniversidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Departamento de PediatriaUNIFESP, Depto. de Medicina Disciplina de NefrologiaUNIFESP, Depto. de PediatriaFAPESP: 04/10342-7SciEL