L’experiment BICEP2 i la detecció d’ones gravitatòries

El 17 de març de 2014 l’equip d’investigadors del telescopi BICEP2 (de les sigles Background Imaging of Cosmic Extragalactic Polarisation) van donar a conèixer en una roda de premsa al Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics la detecció de l’empremta causada per les ones gravitatòries en la polarització del fons d’ones còsmic de microones. Tot i que encara se n’espera una confirmació independent per part d’algun altre experiment, l’anunci ha provocat un gran impacte en la comunitat científica per la importància i les implicacions del descobriment. La notícia ha estat també d’un gran impacte mediàtic ja que aquest descobriment ens aporta informació directa dels primers instants del nostre Univers.On 17 March 2014, researchers from the telescope BICEP2 (acronym of “Background Imaging of Cosmic Extragalactic Polarization”) announced the detection of the footprint of gravitational waves in the polarization of the cosmic microwave background. It was announced in a press conference at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. Although the detection is yet to be confirmed independently by other research groups, the announcement has caused a great impact on the scientific community due to the importance and the implications of the discovery. It has also brought a huge media impact since the discovery gives us direct information of the first moments of our universe

L'experiment BICEP2 i la detecció d'ones gravitatòries

El 17 de març de 2014 l'equip d'investigadors del telescopi BICEP2 (de les sigles Background Imaging of Cosmic Extragalactic Polarisation) van donar a conèixer en una roda de premsa al Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics la detecció de l'empremta causada per les ones gravitatòries en la polarització del fons d'ones còsmic de microones. Tot i que encara se n'espera una confirmació independent per part d'algun altre experiment, l'anunci ha provocat un gran impacte en la comunitat científica per la importància i les implicacions del descobriment. La notícia ha estat també d'un gran impacte mediàtic ja que aquest descobriment ens aporta informació directa dels primers instants del nostre Univers.On 17 March 2014, researchers from the telescope BICEP2 (acronym of "Background Imaging of Cosmic Extragalactic Polarization") announced the detection of the footprint of gravitational waves in the polarization of the cosmic microwave background. It was announced in a press conference at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. Although the detection is yet to be confirmed independently by other research groups, the announcement has caused a great impact on the scientific community due to the importance and the implications of the discovery. It has also brought a huge media impact since the discovery gives us direct information of the first moments of our universe

Efecte de diferents components de la dieta sobre l'estructura i sistema immunitari intestinals en el porc

Consultable des del TDXDescripció del recurs: el 8 octubre 2008Títol obtingut de la portada digitalitzadaL'objectiu general d'aquest treball va ser analitzar l'efecte de diferents components de la ració sobre la funcionalitat intestinal del bestiar porcí. Concretament, es va aprofundir sobre l'estudi de l'estructura i sistema immunitari intestinals, tant durant la fase crítica del deslletament (experiments I i II) com en el període d'adaptació a l'engreix (experiments III i IV). A l'experiment I es van comparar garrins recent deslletats respecte germans seus mantinguts amb la mare. Els garrins deslletats, que van tenir un menor creixement. mostraven una atròfia de les vellositats i una hiperplàsia de les criptes a nivell del jejú. Al cec, aquests animals presentaven un menor nombre de les cèl·lules caliciformes a les criptes, que s'acompanyava d'una resposta inflamatòria i una major renovació epitelial. En general, les alteracions degeneratives i inflamatòries observades podrien limitar la capacitat digestiva i absortiva dels garrins recent deslletats i justificar el seu menor ritme de creixement. A l'experiment II es va avaluar la incorporació d'alguns additius a la dieta de deslletament. Concretament, el plasma porcí assecat per polvorització (SDPP; 6%) i un preparat comercial d'extractes de plantes que contenia carvacrol, cinamaldehid i oleoresina de capsicum (XT; 0.03%), respecte una dieta control. La incorporació del SDPP va incrementar la eficiència alimentària dels garrins, alhora que reduí els percentatges de poblacions cel·lulars immunitàries en la sang i en els teixits limfoides associats a l'intestí (placa de Peyer ileal i ganglis limfàtics ileocòlics), així com el nombre de limfòcits a la mucosa, suggerint una menor activació del sistema immunitari. En canvi, l'addició de XT a la dieta, tot i que va modular les poblacions leucocitàries a nivell intestinal i sistèmic, ho va fer de forma poc consistent. A l'experiment III es va avaluar la incorporació de diferents tipus de fibra alimentària en la dieta d'engreix: blat de moro mòlt de forma grollera (GRO; 54%), polpa de remolatxa (POLPA; 8%) o segó de blat (SEGÓ; 10%) com a font de midó resistent, o polisacàrids no amilacis solubles o insolubles, respectivament, respecte una dieta control. La incorporació de fibra va incrementar el pes del tracte gastrointestinal i especialment del seu contingut. En un inici, totes les dietes amb més fibra van provocar cert grau de colitis i un increment de l'activitat de les cèl·lules immunitàries enfront a mitògens bacterians. Tanmateix, amb el temps, la dieta POLPA va reduir la presència de cèl·lules immunitàries a la mucosa del colon, facilitant l'adaptació dels porcs d'engreix a la nova dieta. En canvi, en la dieta SEGÓ la resposta inflamatòria va ser més prolongada, amb una important immunomodulació de les poblacions leucocitàries intestinals i amb increments dels macròfags sistèmics. Els canvis observats amb dieta GRO sobre l'estructura i sistema immunitari intestinals van ser marginals. Per últim, a l'experiment IV es van estudiar els efectes de la fibra alimentària, però a més llarg termini, amb l'administració prolongada (14 setmanes) i copiosa de midó resistent (25-35% de midó cru de patata; MCP), de fermentació butirogènica, en porcs d'engreix, com a potencial model animal per a nutrició humana. Els resultats indicaven que la fermentació del MCP incrementa la sulfatació de les mucines del colon, i redueix els índexs de dany cel·lular com la excreció de magnesi i la proliferació cel·lular en el colon. Alhora, la dieta rica en midó resistent va reduir la proporció de limfòcits T a sang i a l'epiteli del colon, l'apoptosi en la mucosa i els teixits limfoides intestinals, així com la presència de nòduls limfàtics a la mucosa. En conjunt, aquests resultats suggereixen una major integritat i protecció de la mucosa del colon, així com una menor activació limfocitària en els animals alimentats amb MCP.The main objective of this PhD dissertation was to study the effect of several dietary components on the intestinal functionality in pigs; in particular, on the intestinal morphology and immunology during the stressful postweaning period (experiments I and II), as well as the adaptation period to the growing diet (experiments III and IV). Experiment I compared early-weaned piglets with matching piglets that remained with the sow. Growth performance was lower in weaned piglets. These animals showed villus atrophy and crypt hyperplasia in the jejunum, and lower numbers of goblet cells and increased inflammatory response and epithelial cell renewal in the caecum. As a whole, the observed inflammatory and degenerative alterations could limit the absorptive and digestive capacities of the early weaned piglets, and could help to explain its lower growth rate. In experiment II several dietary additives in the weaning diets, such as, a 6% spray-dried porcine plasma (SDPP; 6%) and a plant extract comercial additive which contains carvacrol, cinnamaldehyde and capsicum oleoresin (XT; 0.03%) were evaluated. Dietary SDPP increased feed efficiency of piglets. SDPP diet reduced the presence of lymphocytes in the mucosa and percentages of immune cell subsets in blood and in gut-associated lymphoid tissues (ileal Peyer's patches and ileocolic lymph node), suggesting lower activation of the immune system of the piglets. The plant extract mixture was also capable of modifying intestinal and systemic leukocyte cells, albeit in an inconsistent manner. In experiment III the influence of different types of dietary fibre in the diet of growing pigs: the coarse milled corn (CC; 54%), the sugar beet pulp (SBP; 8%) and the wheat bran (WB; 10%) as a source of resistant starch, or soluble or insoluble nonstarch polysaccharides, respectively, was evaluated. Compared to the control diet, diets with higher dietary fibre provoked an increase in the gastrointestinal tract weights and their contents. Initially, fibrous diets produced certain degree of colitis in pigs, with an increase in the immune cell activity against bacterial mitogens. However, in time, SBP diet reduced the presence of immune cells in the colonic mucosa, favouring the adaptation of the pigs to the growing diet. Conversely, in the WB group, the inflammatory response was longer, with a wider immunomodulation of intestinal leucocyte subsets and a higher numbers of blood macrophages. The changes observed in intestinal morphology and immunology in CC diet were marginal. Experiment IV aimed to assess the digestive consequences of a long-term intake of a dietary fibre. Growing pigs were used as the animal model and were meal-fed for 14 weeks on a diet containing a high amount of resistant starch (25-35% raw potato starch; RPS), which stimulates the formation of butyrate. RPS fermentation increased colonic mucin sulfatation and reduced indices associated with damage to intestinal epithelial cells, such as crypt cell hyperproliferation and magnesium excretion. Moreover, RPS diet reduced proportion of blood and intraepithelial T lymphocytes, apoptosis in intestinal mucosal tissues, and the presence of mucosal lymphoid nodules in the colon. As a whole, these results suggest that long term ingestion of RPS could improve integrity of colonic mucosa and induce lower immune reactivity

A case of uterine inclusion cysts in a sow

Serosal inclusion cysts are thin walled-structures located on the peritoneal surface of the uterus, frequently observed as multiple cystic structures in aggregates or grape-like clusters containing a clear, non-viscous fluid. In human and veterinary medicine, they are thought to be developed under hormonal effects, or after manipulation or inflammation of the reproductive tract. However, they have not yet been described in swine. A uterus of a 3-year-old crossbreed sow was condemned at slaughter due to the presence of multiples cystic cavities attached to the serosal surface. Microscopically, multiple cystic dilations emerging from the serosa were lined by a simple and flattened epithelium (cytokeratine positive and vimentin negative on immunohistochemistry) supported by a subepithelial layer of collagen. Grossly and histologically, they were diagnosed as serosal inclusion cysts. To the authors' knowledge, this report represents the first description of serosal inclusion cysts in sows. These lesions should be taken into consideration within the differential diagnostic list of cystic peritoneal lesions such as cystic neoplasms, congenital cysts, and parasitic diseases

Pathobiology of the highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses H7N1 and H5N8 in different chicken breeds and role of Mx 2032 G/A polymorphism in infection outcome

Chickens are highly susceptible to highly pathogenic avian infuenza viruses (HPAIVs). However, the severity of infec‑ tion varies depending of the viral strain and the genetic background of the host. In this study, we evaluated the pathogenesis of two HPAIVs (H7N1 and H5N8) and assessed the susceptibility to the infection of local and com‑ mercial chicken breeds from Spain. Eight chicken breeds were intranasally inoculated with 105 ELD50 of A/Chicken/ Italy/5093/1999 (H7N1) or A/Goose/Spain/IA17CR02699/2017 (H5N8 clade 2.3.4.4. B) and monitored during 10 days. Chickens were highly susceptible to both HPAIVs, but H7N1 was considerably more virulent than H5N8 as demon‑ strated by the highest mortality rates and shortest mean death times (MDT). Both HPAIVs produced severe necrosis and intense viral replication in the central nervous system, heart and pancreas; however, the lesions and replication in other tissues were virus-dependent. High levels of viral RNA were detected by the oral route with both viruses. In contrast, a low number of H5N8-inoculated chickens shed by the cloacal route, demonstrating a diferent pattern of viral shedding dependent of the HPAIV. We found a high variation in the susceptibility to HPAIVs between the diferent chicken breeds. The birds carrying the genotype AA and AG at position 2032 in chicken Mx gene presented a slightly higher, but not signifcant, percentage of survival and a statistically signifcant longer MDT than GG individuals. Our study demonstrated that the severity of HPAI infection is largely dependent of the viral isolate and host factors, under‑ lining the complexity of HPAI infectionsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Differences in phagocytosis susceptibility in Haemophilus parasuis strains

Haemophilus parasuis is a colonizer of the upper respiratory tract of healthy pigs, but virulent strains can cause a systemic infection characterized by fibrinous polyserositis, commonly known as Glässer's disease. The variability in virulence that is observed among H. parasuis strains is not completely understood, since the virulence mechanisms of H. parasuis are largely unknown. In the course of infection, H. parasuis has to survive the host pulmonary defences, which include alveolar macrophages, to produce disease. Using strains from different clinical backgrounds, we were able to detect clear differences in susceptibility to phagocytosis. Strains isolated from the nose of healthy animals were efficiently phagocytosed by porcine alveolar macrophages (PAM), while strains isolated from systemic lesions were resistant to this interaction. Phagocytosis of susceptible strains proceeded through mechanisms independent of a specific receptor, which involved actin filaments and microtubules. In all the systemic strains tested in this study, we observed a distinct capsule after interaction with PAM, indicating a role of this surface structure in phagocytosis resistance. However, additional mechanisms of resistance to phagocytosis should be explored, since we detected different effects of microtubule inhibition among systemic strains

A 10-Year Retrospective Study of Inclusion Body Hepatitis in Meat-Type Chickens in Spain (2011–2021)

A surge in fowl adenovirus (FAdV) causing inclusion body hepatitis (IBH) outbreaks has occurred in several countries in the last two decades. In Spain, a sharp increase in case numbers in broilers and broiler breeder pullets arose since 2011, which prompted the vaccination of breeders in some regions. Our retrospective study of IBH cases in Spain from 2011 to 2021 revealed that most cases were reported in broilers (92.21%) and were caused by serotypes FAdV-8b and -11, while cases in broiler breeder pullets were caused by serotypes FAdV-2, -11, and -8b. Vertical transmission was the main route of infection, although horizontal transmission likely happened in some broiler cases. Despite the inconsistent and heterogeneous use of vaccines among regions and over time, the number of cases mirrored the use of vaccines in the country. While IBH outbreaks were recorded year-long, significantly more cases occurred during the cooler and rainier months. The geographic distribution suggested a widespread incidence of IBH and revealed the importance of a highly integrated system. Our findings contribute to a better understanding of FAdV infection dynamics under field conditions and reiterate the importance of surveillance, serological monitoring of breeders, and vaccination of breeders against circulating serotypes to protect progenies.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Evaluation of dietary supplementation of a novel microbial muramidase on gastrointestinal functionality and growth performance in broiler chickens

This study was conducted to assess the effect of dietary supplementation of Muramidase 007 to broiler chickens on gastrointestinal functionality, evaluating growth performance, apparent ileal digestibility, intestinal histomorphology, vitamin A in plasma and cecal microbiota. A total of 480 one-day male chicks (Ross 308) were distributed in 16 pens allocated in 2 experimental diets: the control diet (CTR) without feed enzymes, coccidiostat or growth promoters, and the experimental diet (MUR): CTR supplemented with 35,000 units (LSU(F))/kg of the Muramidase 007. Digesta and tissue samples were obtained on days 9 and 36 of the study. A lower feed conversion ratio was observed in the MUR treatment. Apparent ileal digestibility of DM, organic matter and energy were improved by Muramidase 007. It was also observed that MUR improved digestibility of total fatty acids, mono-unsaturated fatty acids and poly-unsaturated fatty acids, and content of vitamin A in plasma at day 9 (P < 0.05). Histomorphological analysis of jejunum samples revealed no differences in the villus height or crypt depth; but a higher number of goblet cells and intraepithelial lymphocytes at day 36 with MUR. No differences were observed in plate counts of enterobacteria or Lactobacillus along the gastrointestinal tract, neither on the cecal short-chain fatty acids. An statistical trend was observed for reduction of cecal clostridia at day 9 for MUR. Analysis of cecal microbiota structure by 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed relevant changes correlated to age. At day 9, broilers receiving MUR showed decreased alpha diversity compared to CTR that was not detected at day 36. Changes in specific taxonomic groups with an increase in Lactobacillus genus were identified. In conclusion, evaluation of the variables in this study indicates that dietary Muramidase 007 contributes to improve feed conversation ratio and gastrointestinal function in broiler chickens. Effects could have been mediated by slight shifts observed in the intestinal microbiota. More studies are guaranteed to fully understand the mechanisms involved.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Serological and molecular surveys of influenza A viruses in Antarctic and sub-Antarctic wild birds

To evaluate how avian influenza virus (AIV) circulates among the avifauna of the Antarctic and sub-Antarctic islands, we surveyed 14 species of birds from Marion, Livingston and Gough islands. A competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was carried out on the sera of 147 birds. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was used to detect the AIV genome from 113 oropharyngeal and 122 cloacal swabs from these birds. The overall seroprevalence to AIV infection was 4.8%, with the only positive results coming from brown skuas (Catharacta antarctica) (4 out of 18, 22%) and southern giant petrels (Macronectes giganteus) (3 out of 24, 13%). Avian influenza virus antibodies were detected in birds sampled from Marion and Gough islands, with a higher seroprevalence on Marion Island (P = 0.014) and a risk ratio of 11.29 (95% confidence interval: 1.40–91.28) compared to Gough Island. The AIV genome was not detected in any of the birds sampled. These results confirm that AIV strains are uncommon among Antarctic and sub-Antarctic predatory seabirds, but they may suggest that scavenging seabirds are the main avian reservoirs and spreaders of this virus in the Southern Ocean. Further studies are necessary to determine the precise role of these species in the epidemiology of AIV.info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersio