Studies On Broodstock Nutrition Of Malaysian Freshwater Giant Prawn Macrobrachium Rosenbergii (De Man)

A study of the essential amino acid constraints of diets based on the egg essential amino acid content of broodstock of M. rosenbergii (de Man) was conducted using a linear interactive and discrete optimizer software in least cost feed formulation for the broodstock. Four experiments using different formulation of diets under different environmental conditions were conducted and the following results were obtained: In the first experiment three types of isocaloric (400 kca1/100 g diet) formulated diets having 30% protein (P30), 40% protein (P40) and 50% protein (P50) along with a commercial control diet (30% protein with gross energy 446 kca1/100 g diet) were used to determine their suitability as feed for M. rosenbergii brood stock. The fecundity of prawns fed diet P30 and P40 were not significantly different (P>O .05) but were significantly different from prawns fed P50 and the control diet (P<0.05). The experimental diet P40 (with P:GE ratio of 99.33) was numerically superior to diets with P30 or P50 in terms of prawns fecundity ( 1 354.20 eggs/g body weight) and hatching rate (86.42%)

Diet formulation for Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man) broodstock based on essential amino acid profile of its eggs

Twelve pelleted diets containing a range of protein and energy levels from 30% protein, 400 kcal gross energy per 100 g diet to 40% protein and 520 kcal gross energy per 100 g diet were formulated. A least-cost linear programming package was applied to determine the optimum inclusion levels of some locally available ingredients. The essential amino acid constraints applied to the diets were based on the essential amino acid content of the eggs of broodstock Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man). The study was undertaken using 13 one-tonne capacity fibreglass tanks, each with a water recycling system. Each tank was partitioned into three equal compartments by nylon netting; each compartment was stocked with six female and one male prawn which were fed with the various diets at 2% body weight daily split into three feedings at 0800, 1200 and 1800 h. The results indicated that prawn fed the 40% protein diet with an energy level of 400 kcal per 100 g diet attained the highest fecundity, producing 1355 eggs per gram body weight, followed by those fed P40 with a gross energy level of 440 kcal 100 g-1 (1354 eggs per gram body weight), and prawns fed control diet (30% protein with an energy level of 442 kcal 100 g diet-1) attained the lowest fecundity (1080 eggs per gram body weight). However, statistically, no significant differences in fecundity were observed among prawn fed 35% protein diet with an energy level of 473 kcal 100 g-1, 40 with energy levels of 400 or 440 kcal 100 g diet-1. The essential amino acids index (EAAI) were calculated and were found to be a possible method of evaluating the broodstock diet of M. rosenbergii as a higher index indicates higher egg production. Therefore, a diet containing 40% protein, with an energy level of 400 kcal 100 g diet-1 is recommended as a broodstock feed for M. rosenbergii in view of its superior performance and cost

Diffusion of Climate Friendly Technologies: Can Compulsory Licensing Help?

241-246Countries often resort to compulsory licensing to promote diffusion of technologies, particularly when intellectual property rights (IPR) holder is considered to have abused its dominant position. However, use of this instrument is often difficult due to legal, political and operational problems. In this context, this paper reviews global regimes as well as national regimes in major jurisdictions, governing use of compulsory licensing. It also examines functional requirements and market conditions for compulsory licensing to work. Based on these, it concludes that the global IPR regime under the WTO needs a mechanism similar to that has been developed for pharmaceutical products, and a more flexible regime even in that, as most countries do not have domestic manufacturing capabilities, if compulsory licensing has to work for the diffusion of climate friendly technologies. However, even such a flexible mechanism may not be adequately effective due to highly concentrated market structure of these technologies, particularly in developing countries

Factors affecting timing and size of runs of hilsa shad (Hilsa ilisha) in Bangladesh and Pakistan

Data were gathered in 1983 and 1984 on the Hilsa fishery in the Meghna River in Bangladesh, and on factors related to its seasonal variation, including effort as estimated by weekly counts of fishing boats, and landings as estimated by counts of fish offloaded at Chandpur. Historical data were also analyzed concerning factors influencing annual variations in Hilsa landings from the Padma River of the Ganges (1967-1974) and from the Indus River of Pakistan (1968-1982). Rail shipments were good indicators of landings. No significant relationship was observed between riverine Hilsa landings and fishing intensity. Rainfall, mean water level and maximum air temperature had no obvious influence on annual variations in seasonal timing of Hilsa runs in the Padma river of the Ganges. Rainfall two years earlier had a significant negative relationship with annual variation of Hilsa landings, in both the Padma River and in the Indus River. Mechanisms regulating this negative association between landings and rainfall may be that Hilsa are 1+ year old when they are first recruited to the fishery, and the survival of eggs and fry is minimum in years when there is a very high rainfall. In the Ganges and Indus rivers, annual landings were not closely correlated, and appear to be dependent in part on earlier rainfall conditions within each region. This dependency offers a means of rough forecast of annual harvest on the basis of previous rainfall data.Science, Faculty ofZoology, Department ofGraduat

Weak IPRs as Impediments to Technology Transfer- Findings from Select Asian Countries

399-409Intellectual property rights (IPRs) are a contentious aspect of the international negotiations under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) on technology transfer to developing countries for dealing with the problem of climate change. The debate on IPRs has been quite polarized; while developing countries want IPRs to be addressed as a barrier within the technology transfer discussion, developed countries assert that weak IPRs in developing countries constitute the major impediment to technology transfer. This paper examines broadly the IPR regimes of five emerging Asian economies - China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand, with the aim of having a broad, objective overview of the state of IPRs in the Asian region. The IPR regime in each of these countries is objectively assessed on the basis of three parameters- TRIPS compatibility, enforcement and TRIPS plus provisions to determine the ‘strength’ of the regime in each country. On the basis of these findings, it can be concluded that the contention that weak IPRs in developing countries constitute the biggest barrier to technology transfer seems to be untenable. It however, acknowledges that developing countries still have a long way to go in terms of enforcement and building administrative capabilities as they lack necessary financial and human resources