Robustness of cosmic neutrino background detection in the cosmic microwave background

The existence of a cosmic neutrino background can be probed indirectly by CMB experiments, not only by measuring the background density of radiation in the universe, but also by searching for the typical signatures of the fluctuations of free-streaming species in the temperature and polarisation power spectrum. Previous studies have already proposed a rather generic parametrisation of these fluctuations, that could help to discriminate between the signature of ordinary free-streaming neutrinos, or of more exotic dark radiation models. Current data are compatible with standard values of these parameters, which seems to bring further evidence for the existence of a cosmic neutrino background. In this work, we investigate the robustness of this conclusion under various assumptions. We generalise the definition of an effective sound speed and viscosity speed to the case of massive neutrinos or other dark radiation components experiencing a non-relativistic transition. We show that current bounds on these effective parameters do not vary significantly when considering an arbitrary value of the particle mass, or extended cosmological models with a free effective neutrino number, dynamical dark energy or a running of the primordial spectrum tilt. We conclude that it is possible to make a robust statement about the detection of the cosmic neutrino background by CMB experiments

Développement de la robotique en chirurgie gynécologique

Si elle était pure science-fiction il y a une quinzaine d'années, la chirurgie robotique s'est développée très vite à la fin des années 90 pour véritablement exploser au milieu des années 2000 notamment grâce à l'urologie et au système de télémanipulation da Vinci. Toutes les spécialités chirurgicales ont été tour à tour intéressées par les caapacités de l'intelligence artificielle dans le domaine de la chirurgie mini-invasive. En effet, l'endoscopie opératoire classique souffre de limites que semble surpasser aujourd'hui le système da Vinci, améliorant les performances des opérateurs dans les gestes de grande précision avec notamment une vision immersive en trois dimensions et des mouvements millimétriques suivant 7 degrés de liberté. La gynécologie après s'être très tôt intéressée au robot pour la reperméabilisation tubaire, semble donner un véritable essor à celui-ci dans le domaine de la chirugie oncologique radicale. Au-delà d'une nouvelle ère pour l'endoscopie opératoire, c'est une nouvelle ère pour la chirurgie qui s'ouvre : la machine est désormais entre le chirugien et le patient. C'est une nouvelle ère pour la pédagogie également où un référent pour une pathologie donnée, pourra porter assistance même à distance en cas de difficultés lors d'une intervention. La possibilité de l'analyse vidéo des interventions et l'arrivée prochaine de simulateurs en 3D offrent un véritable caractère "aéronautique" à cette nouvelle chirurgie. Derrière cette cascade de nouvelles technologies et de nouvelles possibilités, la médecine se trouve face à un véritable enjeu économique. En effet en ce qui concerne la robotique endoscopique, un seul industriel, Intuitive Surgical (Sunnyvale, CA) détient le monopôle du marché depuis 2003 avec son robot da Vinci dont le coût d'acquisition et de fonctionnement est conséquent. L'activité n'étant pas encore reconnue par la CNAM, le financement reste encore problématique en France. Si le marché des télémanipulateurs semble pour l'instant en statu quo, la recherche développe d'autres aspects comme la miniaturisation des instruments mini-invasifs ou la chirurgie sous guidage IRM. L'imagination des chirurgiens n'a plus de limites mais l'audace ne sera récompensée qu'en travaillant main dans la main avec les scientifiques. Cette histoire n'est donc pas une histoire de machines, mais bel et bien une histoire humaine.CLERMONT FD-BCIU-Santé (631132104) / SudocPARIS-BIUM (751062103) / SudocSudocFranceF

Infertility management according to the Endometriosis Fertility Index in patients operated for endometriosis: What is the optimal time frame?

International audienceIntroduction The Endometriosis Fertility Index (EFI) is a validated score for predicting the postoperative spontaneous pregnancy rate in patients undergoing endometriosis surgery. However, the practical use of the EFI to advise patients about postoperative fertility management is unclear. Materials and methods All patients participating in the ENDOQUAL study–a prospective observational bi-center cohort study conducted between 01/2012 and 06/2018–who underwent surgery for infertility were asked to complete a questionnaire collecting time and mode of conception. Statistical analysis was performed with the Fine and Gray model of competing risks and analysis of fertility according to the EFI. Results Of the 234 patients analyzed, 104 (44.4%) conceived postoperatively including 58 (55.8%) spontaneous pregnancies. An EFI of 0–4 for spontaneous pregnancies was associated with a lower cumulative pregnancy incidence compared to an EFI of 5–10 (52 versus 34 pregnancies respectively, Subdistribution Hazard Ratio (SHR) = 0.47; 95% CI [0.2; 1.1]; p = 0.08). An EFI of 0–4 was associated with a higher cumulative pregnancy rate for pregnancies obtained by artificial reproduction technology (ART), compared to an EFI of 5–10 (12 versus 6 pregnancies respectively, SHR = 1.9; CI95% [0.96; 3.8]; p = 0.06). Fecundability decreased from 12 months for EFI 0–4 and from 24 months for EFI 5–10. Conclusion Our analysis suggests that patients with an unfavorable EFI (4) have more ART pregnancies than patients with a favorable EFI (5) and should be referred for ART shortly after surgery. Patients with a favorable EFI may attempt spontaneous pregnancy for 24 months before referral. Copyright

Six homeoproteins directly activate Myod expression in the gene regulatory networks that control early myogenesis.

International audienceIn mammals, several genetic pathways have been characterized that govern engagement of multipotent embryonic progenitors into the myogenic program through the control of the key myogenic regulatory gene Myod. Here we demonstrate the involvement of Six homeoproteins. We first targeted into a Pax3 allele a sequence encoding a negative form of Six4 that binds DNA but cannot interact with essential Eya co-factors. The resulting embryos present hypoplasic skeletal muscles and impaired Myod activation in the trunk in the absence of Myf5/Mrf4. At the axial level, we further show that Myod is still expressed in compound Six1/Six4:Pax3 but not in Six1/Six4:Myf5 triple mutant embryos, demonstrating that Six1/4 participates in the Pax3-Myod genetic pathway. Myod expression and head myogenesis is preserved in Six1/Six4:Myf5 triple mutant embryos, illustrating that upstream regulators of Myod in different embryonic territories are distinct. We show that Myod regulatory regions are directly controlled by Six proteins and that, in the absence of Six1 and Six4, Six2 can compensate

Six1 and Six4 gene expression is necessary to activate the fast-type muscle gene program in the mouse primary myotome

International audienceWhile the signaling pathways and transcription factors active in adult slow- and fast-type muscles begin to be characterized, genesis of muscle fiber-type diversity during mammalian development remains unexplained. We provide evidence showing that Six homeoproteins are required to activate the fast-type muscle program in the mouse primary myotome. Affymetrix transcriptomal analysis of Six1(-/-)Six4(-/-) E10.5 somites revealed the specific down-regulation of many genes of the fast-type muscle program. This data was confirmed by in situ hybridization performed on Six1(-/-)Six4(-/-) embryos. The first mouse myocytes express both fast-type and slow-type muscle genes. In these fibers, Six1 and Six4 expression is required to specifically activate fast-type muscle genes. Chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments confirm the binding of Six1 and Six4 on the regulatory regions of these muscle genes, and transfection experiments show the ability of these homeoproteins to activate specifically identified fast-type muscle genes. This in vivo wide transcriptomal analysis of the function of the master myogenic determinants, Six, identifies them as novel markers for the differential activation of a specific muscle program during mammalian somitic myogenesis

Robustness of cosmic neutrino background detection in the cosmic microwave background

The existence of a cosmic neutrino background can be probed indirectly by CMB experiments, not only by measuring the background density of radiation in the universe, but also by searching for the typical signatures of the fluctuations of free-streaming species in the temperature and polarisation power spectrum. Previous studies have already proposed a rather generic parametrisation of these fluctuations, that could help to discriminate between the signature of ordinary free-streaming neutrinos, or of more exotic dark radiation models. Current data are compatible with standard values of these parameters, which seems to bring further evidence for the existence of a cosmic neutrino background. In this work, we investigate the robustness of this conclusion under various assumptions. We generalise the definition of an effective sound speed and viscosity speed to the case of massive neutrinos or other dark radiation components experiencing a non-relativistic transition. We show that current bounds on these effective parameters do not vary significantly when considering an arbitrary value of the particle mass, or extended cosmological models with a free effective neutrino number, dynamical dark energy or a running of the primordial spectrum tilt. We conclude that it is possible to make a robust statement about the detection of the cosmic neutrino background by CMB experiments.Comment: version accepted for publication in JCAP. 19 pages, 7 figures, 3 tables. Minor changes. References adde

Robustness of cosmic neutrino background detection in the cosmic microwave background

The existence of a cosmic neutrino background can be probed indirectly by CMB experiments, not only by measuring the background density of radiation in the universe, but also by searching for the typical signatures of the fluctuations of free-streaming species in the temperature and polarisation power spectrum. Previous studies have already proposed a rather generic parametrisation of these fluctuations, that could help to discriminate between the signature of ordinary free-streaming neutrinos, or of more exotic dark radiation models. Current data are compatible with standard values of these parameters, which seems to bring further evidence for the existence of a cosmic neutrino background. In this work, we investigate the robustness of this conclusion under various assumptions. We generalise the definition of an effective sound speed and viscosity speed to the case of massive neutrinos or other dark radiation components experiencing a non-relativistic transition. We show that current bounds on these effective parameters do not vary significantly when considering an arbitrary value of the particle mass, or extended cosmological models with a free effective neutrino number, dynamical dark energy or a running of the primordial spectrum tilt. We conclude that it is possible to make a robust statement about the detection of the cosmic neutrino background by CMB experiments

Robustness of cosmic neutrino background detection in the cosmic microwave background

The existence of a cosmic neutrino background can be probed indirectly by CMB experiments, not only by measuring the background density of radiation in the universe, but also by searching for the typical signatures of the fluctuations of free-streaming species in the temperature and polarisation power spectrum. Previous studies have already proposed a rather generic parametrisation of these fluctuations, that could help to discriminate between the signature of ordinary free-streaming neutrinos, or of more exotic dark radiation models. Current data are compatible with standard values of these parameters, which seems to bring further evidence for the existence of a cosmic neutrino background. In this work, we investigate the robustness of this conclusion under various assumptions. We generalise the definition of an effective sound speed and viscosity speed to the case of massive neutrinos or other dark radiation components experiencing a non-relativistic transition. We show that current bounds on these effective parameters do not vary significantly when considering an arbitrary value of the particle mass, or extended cosmological models with a free effective neutrino number, dynamical dark energy or a running of the primordial spectrum tilt. We conclude that it is possible to make a robust statement about the detection of the cosmic neutrino background by CMB experiments

Robustness of cosmic neutrino background detection in the cosmic microwave background

The existence of a cosmic neutrino background can be probed indirectly by CMB experiments, not only by measuring the background density of radiation in the universe, but also by searching for the typical signatures of the fluctuations of free-streaming species in the temperature and polarisation power spectrum. Previous studies have already proposed a rather generic parametrisation of these fluctuations, that could help to discriminate between the signature of ordinary free-streaming neutrinos, or of more exotic dark radiation models. Current data are compatible with standard values of these parameters, which seems to bring further evidence for the existence of a cosmic neutrino background. In this work, we investigate the robustness of this conclusion under various assumptions. We generalise the definition of an effective sound speed and viscosity speed to the case of massive neutrinos or other dark radiation components experiencing a non-relativistic transition. We show that current bounds on these effective parameters do not vary significantly when considering an arbitrary value of the particle mass, or extended cosmological models with a free effective neutrino number, dynamical dark energy or a running of the primordial spectrum tilt. We conclude that it is possible to make a robust statement about the detection of the cosmic neutrino background by CMB experiments

Six4Δ affects <i>Myod</i> expression and myogenesis in the absence of Myf5.

<p>A–D′, Whole mount <i>in situ</i> hybridization experiments using a <i>Myod</i> probe on <i>Myf5^+/−</i> (A, A′), <i>Myf5^+/−</i> : <i>Pax3^Six4Δ/+</i> (B, B′), <i>Myf5^−/−</i> (C, C′) and <i>Myf5^−/−</i> : <i>Pax3^Six4Δ/+</i> (D, D′) embryos at E11.5. At this stage, in <i>Myf5^−/−</i> embryos (C, C′), <i>Myod</i> is activated and begins to rescue the formation of the myotome (arrowheads in C′). However, in <i>Myf5</i> deficient embryos which express <i>Six4Δ</i> under the control of <i>Pax3</i> regulatory elements, <i>Myf5^−/−</i> : <i>Pax3^Six4Δ/+</i> (D, D′), <i>Myod</i> expression is reduced, affecting the rescue of myotome formation (D′, arrowheads). In contrast, in thoracic somites of <i>Myf5^+/−</i> : <i>Pax3^Six4Δ/+</i> (B, B′) <i>Myod</i> expression is not altered compared to <i>Myf5^+/−</i> embryos (A,A′). A′–D′, show enlargements in the interlimb region of A–D. E–H′, co-immunohistochemistry on transverse sections of hypaxial somites from <i>Myf5^+/−</i> (E, E′), <i>Myf5^+/−</i> : <i>Pax3^Six4Δ/+</i> (F, F′), <i>Myf5^−/−</i> (G, G′) and <i>Myf5^−/−</i> : <i>Pax3^Six4Δ/+</i> (H, H′) embryos at E11.5 using anti-β-Galactosidase (β-Gal) (green, E–H) and anti-Myod (red, E′–H′) antibodies confirms the severe reduction of Myod expression in <i>Myf5^−/−</i> : <i>Pax3^Six4Δ/+</i> (H, H′) embryos. Arrowheads indicate examples of cells in which the β-Gal reporter from the <i>Myf5^nLacZ</i> allele is expressed and which co-express Myod.</p