The association between job satisfaction and work participation in a study population struggling with work participation due to common mental health problems: A cross-sectional study

Bakgrunn: Vanlige psykiske plager som angst og depresjon er ansvarlig for en stor andel av sykefravær og uførhet. Jobbtilfredshet er assosiert med både mental helse og sykefravær, men man vet lite om forholdet mellom jobbtilfredshet og arbeidslivsdeltagelse hos mennesker med vanlige psykiske plager. Mer kunnskap om faktorer relatert til arbeidslivsdeltagelse hos folk med vanlige psykiske plager vil kunne være nyttig ved utvikling av intervensjoner rettet mot å øke arbeidslivsdeltagelse. Mål: Å undersøke om jobbtilfredshet er assosiert med arbeidslivsdeltagelse i et utvalg som selvrapporterer at vanlige psykiske plager er hovedårsak til at de har problemer med å fungere i arbeidslivet. Videre vil vi også beskrive nivå av jobbtilfredshet i dette utvalget. Metode: Tverrsnittstudie. Spørreskjema og registerdata dannet grunnlaget for videre deskriptive analyser og logistisk regresjon (n=1193). Resultat: En av fem jobbtilfredshet variabler var signifikant assosiert med å motta ytelser. Denne assosiasjonen forble signifikant etter justering for kjønn, subjektive helseplager og yrkeskategori, og viste at lav jobbtilfredshet er assosiert med manglende arbeidslivsdeltagelse. Gjennomsnittlig nivå av jobbtilfredshet var lavt. Krysstabell viste signifikant sammenheng med jobbstatus og nivå av jobbtilfredshet. Konklusjon: Lav jobbtilfredshet er assosiert med sykefravær og uførhet hos mennesker som strever med arbeidslivsdeltagelse på grunn av vanlige psykiske plager. Selv om funnene i denne studien var noe tvetydige, foreslår vi at å øke jobbtilfredshet kan være en nyttig tilnærming til denne gruppen, som strever med å holde seg i arbeid. For å kunne undersøke sammenhengen mellom jobbtilfredshet og arbeidslivsdeltagelse nærmere, er forskning med longitudinelt design berettiget.Master i Helsefremmende arbeid og helsepsykologiHEFR395MAPS-HEF

Trauma and its Representation in Eimear McBride’s A Girl is a Half-formed Thing

This thesis analyzes the representation of trauma in Eimear McBride’s 2013 novel A Girl is a Half-formed Thing. Since its publication, the academic interest in Girl has continued to grow, with Girl almost exclusively being interpreted in light of the author’s apparent modernist and Joycean influence. However, recent scholarship has moved the discussion towards the necessary readings of the novel in the context of contemporary girlhood and representations of trauma. The academic discussion of girlhood and trauma focuses primarily on the social and historical context of the text and, indeed, the workings of the author’s stylistic choices; yet I would argue that further discussion is needed on how the narrative, narration, and the narrator works to represent trauma and its effects. This thesis, therefore, argues that the discussion needs to look beyond its apparent connection to modernism and the assessment of the intention of the author in order to analyze how the text is engaging in the representation of trauma. For this to happen, this thesis will concentrate on the workings of the novel’s narrative, narration, and its narrator through a theoretically informed close reading and critical assessment of three key scenes from the novel. Literary Trauma Theory will provide the necessary critical framework for the analysis of trauma and its representation. Extensive attention will be given to the narrative by focusing on the narration’s focalization, the structure and form of the narrator’s language, and some of the keywords within the narrative. Ultimately, this informed analysis shows that not only does the narration reveal what is occurring in the narrative through its representation of trauma and traumatic events, but also that trauma also manifests itself in the very structure and form of the narration

Assessment of risks related to agricultural use of sewage sludge, pig and cattle slurry

In April 2017, the Organic Business Development Team released a report with 25 recommendations for the Minister of Environment and Food (Det økologiske erhvervsteam 2017). Among these was a recommendation that organic farmers should have opportunities for utilizing nutrients from treated domestic wastewater for nutrient recycling. A prerequisite for future use of nutrients from treated wastewater is, that quality requirements are met and that application can be explained to (and accepted by) consumers. In partial fulfilment of this, the business team identified a need for a scientific overview of the risks of using nutrients from treated municipal wastewater in relation to other authorized fertilizer sources – e.g. conventional animal manures. Thus, it was assumed that a comparative approach to assess potential risk of using sewage sludge and conventional manures, could usefully inform decision makers in the future regulation of organic farming systems. Dependent on the result of the scientific investigation, the Organic Business Development Team foresaw that Denmark could chose to work to expand Annex 1 of the EU Ecology Regulation, to allow the organic farmers to use nutrients from municipal wastewater or other acceptable derived sludge products. Mobilization of support for this should be done by the Ministry of Environment and Food in collaboration with the Organic Farming Industry. Thus, based on available literature, this report aims at creating an overview of the environmental and human risks associated with application of pig and cattle slurry as well as sewage sludge to agricultural soils. The risk evaluation was performed for the following compound groups: Metals, Chlorophenyls, Dioxins, Furans, Halogenated aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons (HAH), Linear alkylbenzenesulfonates (LAS), Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE), Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), Poly- and perfluorinated alkylated substances (PFAS), Phenols, Phosphate-triesters VII, Phthalates, Polychlorinated naphtalenes (PCN), Polychlorinated alkanes (PCA), Triclosan, Triclocarban, Medicines, Estrogens, Antibiotic resistance genes. Additionally the fertilizer potential of the two nutrient sources was characterized and compared

Income Inequality and Income Mobility in the Scandinavian Countries Compared to the United States

This paper compares income inequality and income mobility in the Scandinavian countries and the United States during the 1980s. The results demonstrate that inequality is greater in the United states than in the Scandinavian countries and that the ranking of countries with respect to inequality remains unchanged when the accounting period of income is extended from one to 11 years. The pattern of mobility turns out to be remarkably similar despite major differences in labor market and social policies between the Scandinavian countries and the United States.Income distribution; earnings mobility

Usporedba subjektivne kvalitete spavanja i dnevne pospanosti s nalazima cjelonoćne polisomnografije u pacijenata s opstrukcijskom apnejom tijekom spavanja

Objectives: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a disorder characterized by repetitive cessations of breathing during sleep. One of the most prominent symptoms of OSA is excessive daytime sleepiness, associated with micro arousals from sleep which are caused by respiratory events. Another feature of the OSA linked to respiratory related arousals might be impaired sleep architecture resulting in decreased subjective sleep quality. The main aim of this research was to assess and compare the subjective sleep quality and daytime sleepiness and objective whole-night polysomnography findings in OSA patients. Patients and methods: A total of 317 adult OSA patients from the Split Sleep Medicine Center, with an age range from 18 to 82 years, were included in this study. All the patients filled in the questionnaires: Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS), assessing daytime sleepiness, and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), assessing subjective sleep quality. Following completion of the questionnaires, the patients underwent whole-night polysomnography. Results: Sleep architecture changed with OSA severity, with an increased amount of sleep stage N2 (66.41 ± 11.93% in mild OSA, 69.12 ± 11.43% in moderate OSA and 73.45 ± 14.74% of sleep stage N2 in severe OSA, F = 8.635, P < 0.001) and decreased amount of deep sleep stage N3 in more severe forms of OSA (11.67 ± 8.89 % in mild OSA, 11.10 ± 7.35% in moderate OSA and 6.88 ± 7.63 in severe OSA, F = 12.701, P < 0.001). There was also a correlation between OSA severity and excessive daytime sleepiness assessed by ESS (r = 0.25, P < 0.001). Patients who had poorer sleep efficiency had worse subjective sleep quality assessed by PSQI (r = -0.21, P = 0.001). There were no statistically significant differences in sleep architecture among patients with good and bad sleep quality according to PSQI (P > 0.05), and among those with normal and excessive daytime sleepiness, according to ESS (P > 0.05). Conclusions: The obtained results demonstrated that OSA severity was associated with an impairment of the sleep architecture and with more pronounced excessive daytime sleepiness. Sleep efficiency, but not the sleep architecture of OSA patients correlated with subjective sleep quality assessed by PSQI. However, no differences in sleep architecture among OSA patients with and without excessive daytime sleepiness assessed by ESS were found.Ciljevi: Opstrukcijska apneja tijekom spavanja (OSA) poremećaj je obilježen ponavljanim prekidima disanja tijekom spavanja. Jedan od najistaknutijih simptoma OSA-e je prekomjerna dnevna pospanost, povezana s mikrobuđenjima koja su uzrokovana respiratornim događajima. Još jedna značajka OSA-e izazvana buđenjima može biti narušena arhitektura spavanja koja bi mogla rezultirati smanjenom subjektivnom kvalitetom spavanja. Glavni cilj ovog istraživanja bio je procijeniti i usporediti subjektivnu kvalitetu spavanja i dnevnu pospanost te objektivne polisomnografske nalaze u OSA bolesnika. Pacijenti i postupci: Ukupno 317 odraslih OSA pacijenata iz splitskog Centra za medicinu spavanja, u dobi od 18 do 82 godine, uključeno je u ovu studiju. Svi pacijenti popunili su upitnike: Epworthovu ljestvicu pospanosti (ESS) koja procjenjuje dnevnu pospanost i Pittsburghški indeks kvalitete spavanja (PSQI) koji procjenjuje subjektivnu kvalitetu spavanja. Nakon popunjavanja upitnika, pacijenti su podvrgnuti cjelonoćnoj polisomnografiji. Rezultati: Težina OSA-e utjecala je na arhitekturu spavanja, posebice povećanjem količine N2 stadija spavanja (66,41 ± 11,93% u blagoj OSA-i, 69,12 ± 11,43% u umjerenoj OSA-i i 73,45 ± 14,74% u teškoj OSA-i; F = 8,635, P < 0.001) i smanjenjem količine dubokog spavanja N3 u težim oblicima OSA-e (11,67 ± 8,89% u blagoj OSA-i, 11,10 ± 7,35% u umjerenoj OSA-i i 6,88 ± 7,63 u teškoj OSA-i; F = 12,701, P < 0.001). Postojala je i korelacija između težine OSA-e i prekomjerne dnevne pospanosti procijenjene pomoću ESS (r = 0,25, P < 0.001). Lošija subjektivna kvaliteta spavanja procijenjena pomoću PSQI bila je povezana s manjom učinkovitošću spavanja (r = -0,21, P = 0,001). Nije bilo statistički značajnih razlika u arhitekturi spavanja u bolesnika s dobrom i lošom kvalitetom spavanja prema PSQI-u (P > 0,05), te među onima s normalnom i prekomjernom dnevnom pospanošću, prema ESS-u (P > 0,05). Zaključci: Dobiveni rezultati pokazali su da je težina OSA-e povezana s narušenom arhitekturom spavanja i s izraženijom dnevnom pospanošću. Učinkovitost spavanja, ali ne i arhitektura spavanja OSA bolesnika bila je u korelaciji sa subjektivnom kvalitetom spavanja procijenjenom pomoću PSQI-ja. Međutim, nisu nađene razlike u arhitekturi spavanja u OSA bolesnika sa i bez prekomjerne dnevne pospanosti procijenjene pomoću ESS

Identitet i overflaten. En undersøkelse i skapende arbeid

I denne masteroppgaven har jeg sett på Meld. St. 28 og departementets ønske av fagfornyelsen i praktiske og estetiske fag. Målsetningen er at elevene i grunnskolen skal få kunnskaper, ferdigheter og erfaring med innhold og arbeidsformer som avspeiler videregående opplærings mange retninger og muligheter. Som tilnærming til tematikken har jeg stilt følgende spørsmål: Hvordan utvikle materialkunnskaper gjennom eksperimentering og hvorfor er det viktig i kunst-, håndverks- og formgivingsfag? Hovedanliggende med denne masteroppgaven er å undersøke hvilken betydning materialkunnskaper kan ha for elevene i videregående skole, og hvordan eksperimentering kan forstås som en måte å innøve denne kunnskapen på. Undersøkelsen min er preget av en didaktisk tankegang der erfaringer fra egen læreprosess brukes som grunnlag for refleksjoner rundt undervisningen. Ved bruk av en kvalitativ metode har jeg søkt å finne svar på problemstillingen, der målet er å få kunnskap av egne erfaringer. Mer konkret har jeg benyttet en eksperimenterende metode, der analysen av arbeidet og resultatet av de praktiske utprøvninger har vært styrende for mine funn. Erfaringene fra dette arbeidet kobles til materialkunnskaper og eksperimentering i en opplæringskontekst. De ble undersøkt i intervju, survey og undervisningsopplegg i videregående skole. Mange elever svarte at de opplever læringsutbytte av å eksperimentere. De syntes det var bra å prøve ut nye løsninger, finne ut noe de ikke visste fra før, og å utvikle seg gjennom prosesser ved eksperimentering i materialer

Usporedba subjektivne kvalitete spavanja i dnevne pospanosti s nalazima cjelonoćne polisomnografije u pacijenata s opstrukcijskom apnejom tijekom spavanja

Objectives: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a disorder characterized by repetitive cessations of breathing during sleep. One of the most prominent symptoms of OSA is excessive daytime sleepiness, associated with micro arousals from sleep which are caused by respiratory events. Another feature of the OSA linked to respiratory related arousals might be impaired sleep architecture resulting in decreased subjective sleep quality. The main aim of this research was to assess and compare the subjective sleep quality and daytime sleepiness and objective whole-night polysomnography findings in OSA patients. Patients and methods: A total of 317 adult OSA patients from the Split Sleep Medicine Center, with an age range from 18 to 82 years, were included in this study. All the patients filled in the questionnaires: Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS), assessing daytime sleepiness, and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), assessing subjective sleep quality. Following completion of the questionnaires, the patients underwent whole-night polysomnography. Results: Sleep architecture changed with OSA severity, with an increased amount of sleep stage N2 (66.41 ± 11.93% in mild OSA, 69.12 ± 11.43% in moderate OSA and 73.45 ± 14.74% of sleep stage N2 in severe OSA, F = 8.635, P < 0.001) and decreased amount of deep sleep stage N3 in more severe forms of OSA (11.67 ± 8.89 % in mild OSA, 11.10 ± 7.35% in moderate OSA and 6.88 ± 7.63 in severe OSA, F = 12.701, P < 0.001). There was also a correlation between OSA severity and excessive daytime sleepiness assessed by ESS (r = 0.25, P < 0.001). Patients who had poorer sleep efficiency had worse subjective sleep quality assessed by PSQI (r = -0.21, P = 0.001). There were no statistically significant differences in sleep architecture among patients with good and bad sleep quality according to PSQI (P > 0.05), and among those with normal and excessive daytime sleepiness, according to ESS (P > 0.05). Conclusions: The obtained results demonstrated that OSA severity was associated with an impairment of the sleep architecture and with more pronounced excessive daytime sleepiness. Sleep efficiency, but not the sleep architecture of OSA patients correlated with subjective sleep quality assessed by PSQI. However, no differences in sleep architecture among OSA patients with and without excessive daytime sleepiness assessed by ESS were found.Ciljevi: Opstrukcijska apneja tijekom spavanja (OSA) poremećaj je obilježen ponavljanim prekidima disanja tijekom spavanja. Jedan od najistaknutijih simptoma OSA-e je prekomjerna dnevna pospanost, povezana s mikrobuđenjima koja su uzrokovana respiratornim događajima. Još jedna značajka OSA-e izazvana buđenjima može biti narušena arhitektura spavanja koja bi mogla rezultirati smanjenom subjektivnom kvalitetom spavanja. Glavni cilj ovog istraživanja bio je procijeniti i usporediti subjektivnu kvalitetu spavanja i dnevnu pospanost te objektivne polisomnografske nalaze u OSA bolesnika. Pacijenti i postupci: Ukupno 317 odraslih OSA pacijenata iz splitskog Centra za medicinu spavanja, u dobi od 18 do 82 godine, uključeno je u ovu studiju. Svi pacijenti popunili su upitnike: Epworthovu ljestvicu pospanosti (ESS) koja procjenjuje dnevnu pospanost i Pittsburghški indeks kvalitete spavanja (PSQI) koji procjenjuje subjektivnu kvalitetu spavanja. Nakon popunjavanja upitnika, pacijenti su podvrgnuti cjelonoćnoj polisomnografiji. Rezultati: Težina OSA-e utjecala je na arhitekturu spavanja, posebice povećanjem količine N2 stadija spavanja (66,41 ± 11,93% u blagoj OSA-i, 69,12 ± 11,43% u umjerenoj OSA-i i 73,45 ± 14,74% u teškoj OSA-i; F = 8,635, P < 0.001) i smanjenjem količine dubokog spavanja N3 u težim oblicima OSA-e (11,67 ± 8,89% u blagoj OSA-i, 11,10 ± 7,35% u umjerenoj OSA-i i 6,88 ± 7,63 u teškoj OSA-i; F = 12,701, P < 0.001). Postojala je i korelacija između težine OSA-e i prekomjerne dnevne pospanosti procijenjene pomoću ESS (r = 0,25, P < 0.001). Lošija subjektivna kvaliteta spavanja procijenjena pomoću PSQI bila je povezana s manjom učinkovitošću spavanja (r = -0,21, P = 0,001). Nije bilo statistički značajnih razlika u arhitekturi spavanja u bolesnika s dobrom i lošom kvalitetom spavanja prema PSQI-u (P > 0,05), te među onima s normalnom i prekomjernom dnevnom pospanošću, prema ESS-u (P > 0,05). Zaključci: Dobiveni rezultati pokazali su da je težina OSA-e povezana s narušenom arhitekturom spavanja i s izraženijom dnevnom pospanošću. Učinkovitost spavanja, ali ne i arhitektura spavanja OSA bolesnika bila je u korelaciji sa subjektivnom kvalitetom spavanja procijenjenom pomoću PSQI-ja. Međutim, nisu nađene razlike u arhitekturi spavanja u OSA bolesnika sa i bez prekomjerne dnevne pospanosti procijenjene pomoću ESS

Pandemics and protectionism: evidence from the "Spanish" flu

The impact of COVID-19 on recent tendencies towards international isolationism has been much speculated on but remains to be seen. We suggest that valuable evidence can be gleaned from the "Spanish" flu of 1918-20. It is well-known that the world fell into a protectionist spiral following the First World War, but scholars have almost exclusively ignored the impact of the pandemic. We employ a difference-in-differences strategy on data for Europe and find that excess deaths had a significant impact on trade policy, independent of the war. A one standard deviation increase in excess deaths during the outbreak implied 0.022 percentage points higher tariffs subsequently, corresponding to an increase of one third of a standard deviation in tariffs. Health policy should aim to avoid the experience of the interwar period and consider the international macroeconomic impact of measures (not) taken