Combustion and emission studies of a common-rail direct injection diesel engine with various injector nozzles

Fuel injection has a critical role in an internal combustion engine and a significant effect on the quality of the fuel spray. In turn, fuel spray directly affects an engine´s combustion, efficiency, power and emissions. This study evaluated three different injector nozzles in a highspeed, non-road diesel engine. It was run on diesel fuel oil (DFO) and testing was conducted at three different engine loads (100%, 75% and 50%) and at two engine speeds (2,200 rpm and 1,500 rpm). The nozzles had 6, 8 and 10 holes and a relatively high mass flow rate (HF). The study investigated and compared injection and combustion characteristics, together with gaseous emissions. The combustion parameters seemed to be very similar with all studied injector nozzles. The emission measurements indicated general reductions in hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) at most load/speed points when using the 6- and 10-hole nozzles instead of the reference 8-hole nozzles. However, smoke number increased when the alternative nozzles were used

Waste fish oil as an alternative renewable fuel for IC engines

Received: January 31st, 2021 ; Accepted: April 10th, 2021 ; Published: April 30th, 2021 ; Correspondence: [email protected] are potential fuels for internal combustion engines because of they have advantageous properties such as biodegradability, renewability, high oxygen content and low sulphur. However, the high viscosity, surface tension, and density of crude bio-oils pose challenges for engine use. Those properties affect fuel spray characteristics, mixture formation and combustion. In turn, these impact engine, efficiency, power and emissions. This study investigated the use of crude fish oil (FO) at medium and low engine-loads at two engine speeds in an off-road engine. The injectors had 6-hole high flow rate tips. The results were compared with those of fossil diesel fuel oil (DFO). Fish oil increased hydrocarbon (HC), carbon monoxide (CO) and partly oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions. Smoke number, however, decreased. Crude fish oil also showed lowered total particle number (TPN) at low load at low engine-speed compared with DFO

Yang-Mills, Complex Structures and Chern's Last Theorem

Recently Shiing-Shen Chern suggested that the six dimensional sphere $\mathbb{S}^6$ has no complex structure. Here we explore the relations between his arguments and Yang-Mills theories. In particular, we propose that Chern's approach is widely applicable to investigate connections between the geometry of manifolds and the structure of gauge theories. We also discuss several examples of manifolds, both with and without a complex structure.Comment: Chern's proof remains incomplete, and we have edited some statements in our article accordingl

Combustion property analyses with variable liquid marine fuels in combustion research unit

The quality of ignition and co mbustion of four marine and power plant fuels were studied in a Combustion Research Unit, CRU. The fuels were low - sulphur Light Fuel Oil (LFO, baseline), Marine Gas Oil (MGO), kerosene and renewable wood - based naphtha. To meet climate change requirements a nd sustainability goals, combustion systems needs to be able to operate with a variety of renewable and ‘net - zero - carbon’ fuels. Due to the variations in the chemical and physical properties of the fuels, they generally cannot simply be dropped into existi ng systems. The aim of this research project was to understand how changes in fuel composition affect engine operation. The focus was on how various properties of the fuels impact on the combustion process – especially ignition delay and in - cylinder combus tion. The goal of the research project was to allow broad fuel flexibility without any or only minor changes to engine hardware. Before the engine tests, the CRU forms an easy and cost - effective device to find out the engine suitability of the fuel . The re sults showed that the ignition delay decreased expectedly with all fuels when the in - cylinder pressure and temperature increased. The differences in the maximum heat release rates between fuels decreased in high - pressure conditions. MGO had the shortest ig nition delay under both pressure and temperature conditions. Based on the CRU results MGO and kerosene are suitable to use in compression - ignited engines like the reference fuel LFO. In contrast renewable naphtha had a long ignition delay. If naphtha is us ed in a CI engine, the engine must be started and stopped with, e.g. LFO or MGO.fi=vertaisarvioitu|en=peerReviewed

Dynamical Symmetry Breaking in Planar QED

We investigate (2+1)-dimensional QED coupled with Dirac fermions both at zero and finite temperature. We discuss in details two-components (P-odd) and four-components (P-even) fermion fields. We focus on P-odd and P-even Dirac fermions in presence of an external constant magnetic field. In the spontaneous generation of the magnetic condensate survives even at infinite temperature. We also discuss the spontaneous generation of fermion mass in presence of an external magnetic field.Comment: 34 pages, 8 postscript figures, final version to appear on J. Phys.

On the Point-Splitting Method of the Commutator Anomaly of the Gauss Law Operators

We analyze the generalized point-splitting method and Jo's result for the commutator anomaly. We find that certain classes of general regularization kernels satisfying integral conditions provide a unique result, which, however differs from Faddeev's cohomological result.Comment: 16 pages, RevTex, 1 figure + 1 table, uses psbox.te

Abelian and Non-Abelian Induced Parity Breaking Terms at Finite Temperature

We compute the exact canonically induced parity breaking part of the effective action for 2+1 massive fermions in particular Abelian and non Abelian gauge field backgrounds. The method of computation resorts to the chiral anomaly of the dimensionally reduced theory.Comment: 13 pages, RevTeX, no figure

Generalised chiral QED2 : Anomaly and Exotic Statistics

We study the influence of the anomaly on the physical quantum picture of the generalized chiral Schwinger model defined on the circle. We show that the anomaly i) results in the background linearly rising electric field and ii) makes the spectrum of the physical Hamiltonian nonrelativistic without a massive boson. The physical matter fields acquire exotic statistics . We construct explicitly the algebra of the Poincare generators and show that it differs from the Poincare one. We exhibit the role of the vacuum Berry phase in the failure of the Poincare algebra to close. We prove that, in spite of the background electric field, such phenomenon as the total screening of external charges characteristic for the standard Schwinger model takes place in the generalized chiral Schwinger model, too.Comment: LATEX file, 36 pp., to appear in Phys.Rev.

Shape of the hot topological charge density spectral function

After motivating an interest in the shape of the topological charge density spectral function in hot Yang-Mills theories, we estimate it with the help of thermally averaged classical real-time simulations, for N-c = 2, 3. After subtracting a perturbative contribution at large frequencies, we observe a non-trivial shape at small frequencies (a dip rather than a peak), interpolating smoothly towards the sphaleron rate at zero frequency. Possible frequency scales making an appearance in this shape are discussed. Implications for warm axion inflation and reheating, and for imaginary-time lattice measurements of the strong sphaleron rate, are recapitulated.Peer reviewe

Fixed Charge Ensembles and Parity Breaking Terms

Recently derived results for the exact induced parity-breaking term in 2+1 dimensions at finite temperature are shown to be relevant to the determination of the free energy for fixed-charge ensembles. The partition functions for fixed total charge corresponding to massive fermions in the presence of Abelian and non-Abelian magnetic fields are discussed. We show that the presence of the induced Chern-Simons term manifests itself in that the free energy depends strongly on the relation between the external magnetic flux and the value of the fixed charge.Comment: 10 pages, Revte