Diversity and Co-occurrence Pattern Analysis of Cecal Microbiota Establishment at the Onset of Solid Feeding in Young Rabbits

This study aimed to evaluate how the feeding strategy of rabbit kits at the onset of solid feed intake could affect ecological diversity and co-occurrence patterns of the cecal bacterial community. From birth to 18 days of age kits were exclusively milk-fed, and between 18 and 35 days the young rabbits also had access to solid feed. After weaning at (35 days), young rabbits were exclusively fed solid feed. Three experimental feeds were used: a high concentrate diet [H: 10.16 MJ digestible energy (DE)/kg and 15.3% crude protein (CP)], a low concentrate diet (L: 9.33 MJ DE/kg and 14.7% CP) and a reproductive female diet (R: 10.57 MJ DE/kg and 17.3% CP). The rabbit kits (n = 357) were divided into three groups, differing by the diet received during two periods: from 18 to 28 and from 28 to 49 days of age. In the groups LL and HH, rabbit kits were fed L or H diets, respectively, during both periods. Kits in the group RL received feeds R and L from 18 to 28 and 28 to 49 days of age, respectively. Cecal bacterial communities of 10 rabbits per group were carried out at 18, 28, 35, 43 and 49 days of age by MiSeq Illumina sequencing 16S rRNA encoding genes. Between 18 and 28 days of age, solid feed intake was higher in the group RL compared to the other two groups (+24%; P < 0.01). Overall, 13.4% of the OTUs detected were present in the cecal ecosystem from 18 to 49 days old, whereas 17.4% were acquired with the onset of solid feeding and kept from 28 days on. Exclusive milk consumption constrains the bacterial community toward a similar structure but high phylogenetic beta-diversity. Introduction of solid feed induced a sharp change of microbial community structure and decreased phylogenetic diversity. A strong relationship in bacterial community network occurred only from 43 days on. Our feeding strategy at the onset of solid feed ingestion exhibited only a moderate effect on the microbial community structure (P = 0.072), although the LL group seemed to reach faster maturity compared to the two other groups

L'ail rose de Lautrec (passé, présent et avenir)

TOULOUSE3-BU Santé-Centrale (315552105) / SudocTOULOUSE3-BU Santé-Allées (315552109) / SudocSudocFranceF

Poststroke conscious visual deficit: clinical course and changes in cerebral activations.

International audienceBACKGROUND: and PURPOSE: . Little is known about the outcome and recovery mechanisms of visual perception after a focal lesion of the occipital lobe in humans, especially after stroke. In this study, the authors aimed to describe the clinical course and the neural substrates of conscious perceptive visual deficit after posterior cerebral artery infarct. METHODS: . The authors prospectively included 8 patients (7 men and 1 woman; mean age, 64.6 ± 18 years) with visual deficit induced by partial damage of the striate cortex related to acute posterior cerebral artery infarct. Conscious perception of color and motion was assessed from the acute phase to the third month. Functional magnetic resonance imaging was performed to investigate neural substrates of visual recovery. RESULTS: . In the acute phase of stroke, visual deficiency was global (3/8 patients), selective to color (4/8 patients), or selective to motion (1/8 patients). During the follow-up, visual performance increased with respect to color (from 29% to 70%; P < .005) and with respect to motion (from 47% to 74%; P < .005). Despite a lack of ipsilesional V1 area activation in the acute phase, activations in this area and in the contralesional extrastriate cortex were obtained during follow-up. Both ipsilesional and contralesional V4 activations were correlated with better outcome. CONCLUSIONS: . Extensive visual recovery occurs early after partial acute posterior cerebral artery infarct. Spared islands in ipsilesional V1 area and transcallosal pathways might be involved in poststroke visual recovery

How to design an efficient and robust pipeline for 16S rRNA-gene sequence analysis to improve our understanding on microbial communities?

Voici la composition du Comité d'Organisation (CO) de JOBIM 2015Le Comité Logistique (CL) est présidé par : Philippe LEROY (UMR 1095 INRA/UBP, Unité Génétique, Diversité et Ecophysiologie des Céréales - GDEC, Clermont-Ferrand) Eric PEYRETAILLADE (Université d'Auvergne, Unité EA-CIDAM, Clermont-Ferrand)Trois personnes clefs: Secrétariat JOBIM2015 - Manon MARTINET (LB2MN-EA.CIDAM 4678, Université d'Auvergne) Gestion Administrative - Cathy RESSOT (Direction de la Recherche de l’Innovation et de la valorisation, Université d'Auvergne) Gestion Financière - Isabelle DELPIT (Direction de la Recherche de l’Innovation et de la valorisation, Université d'Auvergne) Le Comité Scientifique (CS) est présidé par : Pierre PEYRET (Université d'Auvergne, Unité EA-CIDAM, Clermont-Ferrand) Jérôme SALSE (MR 1095 INRA/UBP, Unité Génétique, Diversité et Ecophysiologie des Céréales - GDEC, Clermont-Ferrand)Microorganisms are considered one of the most important players involved in different environmental processes and services including nutrient cycling, pollutants attenuation as well as plant, animal and human health. In order to understand the functioning of microbial ecosystems and their impact on ecosystem processes we need to accurately assess their composition and response to environmental constraints. The application of high-throughput sequencing technologies to the study of 16S/18S rRNA-genes has revolutionized the characterization of complex microbial ecosystems. However, although it is now possible to generate hundreds of thousands of sequence reads at low costs, the analysis of the obtained data is still challenging: potential source errors including amplification biases, technical contamination, sequencing artifacts and taxonomical affiliation mistakes can lead to misinterpretations of microbial community diversity. Furthermore, progresses in sequencing technologies produce larger number of sequences at lower cost, but many tools are not scalable and pipelines have to be adapted for huge dataset. With the objective of defining best practices to analyze 16S/18S rRNA-gene sequence data, the Metagenomics, species identification, phylogeny pole of INRA was created to put together experience of biologist, bioinformaticians and statisticians of different laboratories

Guide pratique à destination des biologistes, bioinformaticiens et statisticiens qui souhaitent s’initier aux analyses métabarcoding: Partage de pratiques et retours d'expérience des membres du pôle métagénomique du PEPI IBIS

National audienceLes méthodes d’analyse métabarcoding (également appelées métagénomique ciblée ou amplicon) sontde plus en plus utilisées pour étudier la diversité des espèces présentes dans un écosystème (micro organismes,plantes, animaux). Le principe consiste à extraire l’ADN d’un échantillon environnemental puis à amplifier par PCR un fragment cible à l’aide d’un couple d’amorces prédéfini. Ces produits PCR, après ajouts de barcodes(oligonucléotides uniques pour chaque échantillon) et adaptateurs de séquençage, sont ensuite séquencés. Après le séquençage, les séquences sont triées par échantillon grâce aux barcodes puis assignées à des taxons par comparaison avec des séquences de référence. Beaucoup de méthodes et outils d’analyse ont été développés pour obtenir une vision la plus précise possible des écosystèmes étudiés. Les techniques de préparation puis d’analyse des échantillons dépendent de l’écosystème, des questions auxquelles on souhaite répondre et de la technologie de séquençage utilisée. Nous proposons des conseils issus de nos expériences, discussions et lectures bibliographiques afin de guider les lecteurs depuis la planification expérimentale jusqu’à l’analyse des données, en détaillant les points de vigilance à chaque étape

Clinical features and maternal and fetal outcomes in women with Guillain-Barré syndrome in pregnancy

International audienceBackground: Guillain–Barre syndrome (GBS) is an acute inflammatory polyradiculoneuropathy rarely observed during pregnancy. Methods: In this retrospective study, we analyzed the characteristics of pregnant women with GBS (pGBS) diagnosed in French University Hospitals in the 2002–2022 period and compared them with a reference group of same-age non-pregnant women with GBS (npGBS) identified in the same institutions & timeframe. Results: We identified 16 pGBS cases. Median age was 31 years (28–36), and GBS developed in the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd trimester in 31%, 31% and 38% of cases respectively. A previous infection was identified in six cases (37%), GBS was demyelinating in nine cases (56%), and four patients (25%) needed respiratory assistance. Fifteen patients (94%) were treated with intravenous immunoglobulins, and neurological recovery was complete in all cases (100%). Unscheduled caesarean section was needed in five cases (31%), and two fetuses (12.5%) died because of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection (1 case) and HELLP (Hemolysis, Elevated Liver enzymes and Low Platelets) syndrome (1 case). In comparison with a reference group of 18 npGBS women with a median age of 30 years (27–33), pGBS patients more frequently had CMV infection (31% vs 11%), had a prolonged delay between GBS onset and hospital admission (delay > 7 days: 57% vs 12%), more often needed ICU admission (56% vs 33%) and respiratory assistance (25% vs 11%), and more often presented with treatment-related fluctuations (37% vs 0%). Conclusions: This study shows GBS during pregnancy is a severe maternal condition with significant fetal mortality

Neurological complications induced by immune checkpoint inhibitors: a comprehensive descriptive case-series unravelling high risk of long-term sequelae

International audienceNeurological immune-related adverse events are complications of programmed-cell death 1 or programmed-cell death 1 ligand immunotherapies that can be life threatening and often lead to anticancer immunotherapy withdrawal. Scant clinical data are available that integrate the clinical presentation, therapeutic management and long-term outcome. All consecutive adult patients treated by programmed-cell death 1 or programmed-cell death 1 ligand immunotherapies, given alone or in combination with other treatment, who experienced a neurological immune-related adverse event with a severity grade ≥2 in Paris Saclay-University hospitals were investigated from June 2014 to February 2019. The frequency of neurological immune-related adverse events was calculated from the prospective Registre des Effets Indésirables Sévères des Anticorps Monoclonaux Immunomodulateurs en Cancérologie cohort. Forty patients presenting with 51 distinct neurological immune-related adverse events were included. The prevalence of grade ≥2 neurological immune-related adverse events was estimated to be 1.22% in the Registre des Effets Indésirables Sévères des Anticorps Monoclonaux Immunomodulateurs en Cancérologie cohort. Among 40 patients with neurological immune-related adverse events, 65% received programmed-cell death 1 or programmed-cell death 1 ligand monotherapy and 35% received a combination of programmed-cell death 1 plus anti-CTLA4 (Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events). Clinical neurological presentations were peripheral (48%), central (35%), or mixed (18%). The severity of neurological immune-related adverse events was grade 2 for 14 (35%) and ≥grade 3 for 26 patients (65%). The mortality rate related to neurological immune-related adverse events was 8%. Corticosteroid treatment led to neurological recovery in 74%. Long-term follow-up highlighted that 53% of patients experienced long-term neurological sequelae. Five patients were rechallenged by programmed-cell death 1 monotherapy without recurrence of their neurological immune-related adverse event(s). Neurological immune-related adverse events induced by programmed-cell death 1 or programmed-cell death 1 ligand are rare but are severe with a mortality rate of 8% and long-term sequelae for 53% of patients. Corticosteroids should be started when neurological immunological complications are identified to avoid long-term sequelae

Ephrin-B1 regulates the adult diastolic function through a late postnatal maturation of cardiomyocyte surface crests

The rod-shaped adult cardiomyocyte (CM) harbors a unique architecture of its lateral surface with periodic crests, relying on the presence of subsarcolemmal mitochondria (SSM) with unknown role. Here, we investigated the development and functional role of CM crests during the postnatal period. We found in rodents that CM crest maturation occurs late between postnatal day 20 (P20) and P60 through both SSM biogenesis, swelling and crest-crest lateral interactions between adjacent CM, promoting tissue compaction. At the functional level, we showed that the P20-P60 period is dedicated to the improvement of relaxation. Interestingly, crest maturation specifically contributes to an atypical CM hypertrophy of its short axis, without myofibril addition, but relying on CM lateral stretching. Mechanistically, using constitutive and conditional CM-specific knock-out mice, we identified ephrin-B1, a lateral membrane stabilizer, as a molecular determinant of P20-P60 crest maturation, governing both the CM lateral stretch and the diastolic function, thus highly suggesting a link between crest maturity and diastole. Remarkably, while young adult CM-specific Efnb1 KO mice essentially exhibit an impairment of the ventricular diastole with preserved ejection fraction and exercise intolerance, they progressively switch toward systolic heart failure with 100% KO mice dying after 13 months, indicative of a critical role of CM-ephrin-B1 in the adult heart function. This study highlights the molecular determinants and the biological implication of a new late P20-P60 postnatal developmental stage of the heart in rodents during which, in part, ephrin-B1 specifically regulates the maturation of the CM surface crests and of the diastolic function

Crest maturation at the cardiomyocyte surface contributes to a new late postnatal development stage that controls the diastolic function of the adult heart

Abstract RATIONALE In addition to its typical rod-shape, the mammalian adult cardiomyocyte (CM) harbors a unique lateral membrane surface architecture with periodic crests, relying on the presence of subsarcolemmal mitochondria (SSM) the role of which is still unknown. OBJECTIVE To investigate the development and functional role of CM crests during the postnatal period. METHODS AND RESULTS Electron/confocal microscopy and western-blot of left ventricular tissues from rat hearts indicated a late CM surface crest maturation, between postnatal day 20 (P20) and P60, as shown by substantial SSM swelling and increased claudin-5 cell surface expression. The P20-P60 postnatal stage also correlates with an ultimate maturation of the T-Tubules and the intercalated disk. At the cellular level, we identified an atypical CM hypertrophy characterized by an increase in long- and short-axes without myofibril addition and with sarcomere lateral stretching, indicative of lateral stretch-based CM hypertrophy. We confirmed the P20-P60 hypertrophy at the organ level by echocardiography but also demonstrated a transcriptomic program after P20 targeting all the cardiac cell populations. At the functional level, using Doppler echocardiography, we found that the P20-P60 period is specifically dedicated to the improvement of relaxation. Mechanistically, using CM-specific knock-out mice, we identified ephrin-B1 as a determinant of CM crest maturation after P20 controlling lateral CM stretch-hypertrophy and relaxation. Interestingly, while young adult Efnb1 CMspe−/− mice essentially show a relaxation impairment with exercise intolerance, they progressively switch toward heart failure with 100% KO mice dying after 13 months. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights a new late P20-P60 postnatal developmental stage of the heart in rodents during which the CM surface crests mature through an ephrin-B1-dependant mechanism and regulate the diastolic function. Moreover, we demonstrate for the first time that the CM crest architecture is cardioprotective