Quantifying antimicrobial access and usage for paediatric diarrhoeal disease in an urban community setting in Asia.

OBJECTIVES: Antimicrobial-resistant infections are a major global health issue. Ease of antimicrobial access in developing countries is proposed to be a key driver of the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) epidemic despite a lack of community antimicrobial usage data. METHODS: Using a mixed-methods approach (geospatial mapping, simulated clients, healthcare utilization, longitudinal cohort) we assessed antimicrobial access in the community and quantified antimicrobial usage for childhood diarrhoea in an urban Vietnamese setting. RESULTS: The study area had a pharmacy density of 15.7 pharmacies/km2 (a pharmacy for every 1316 people). Using a simulated client method at pharmacies within the area, we found that 8% (3/37) and 22% (8/37) of outlets sold antimicrobials for paediatric watery and mucoid diarrhoea, respectively. However, despite ease of pharmacy access, the majority of caregivers would choose to take their child to a healthcare facility, with 81% (319/396) and 88% (347/396) of responders selecting a specialized hospital as one of their top three preferences when seeking treatment for watery and mucoid diarrhoea, respectively. We calculated that at least 19% (2688/14427) of diarrhoea episodes in those aged 1 to <5 years would receive an antimicrobial annually; however, antimicrobial usage was almost 10 times greater in hospitals than in the community. CONCLUSIONS: Our data question the impact of community antimicrobial usage on AMR and highlight the need for better education and guidelines for all professionals with the authority to prescribe antimicrobials

Excess body weight and age associated with the carriage of fluoroquinolone and third-generation cephalosporin resistance genes in commensal Escherichia coli from a cohort of urban Vietnamese children.

PURPOSE: Antimicrobial-resistant bacterial infections in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are a well-established global health issue. We aimed to assess the prevalence of and epidemiological factors associated with the carriage of ciprofloxacin- and ceftriaxone-resistant Escherichia coli and associated resistance genes in a cohort of 498 healthy children residing in urban Vietnam. METHODOLOGY: We cultured rectal swabs onto MacConkey agar supplemented with resistant concentrations of ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone. Additionally, we screened meta-E. coli populations by conventional PCR to detect plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR)- and extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-encoding genes. We measured the associations between phenotypic/genotypic resistance and demographic characteristics using logistic regression.Results/Key findings. Ciprofloxacin- and ceftriaxone-resistant E. coli were cultured from the faecal samples of 67.7 % (337/498) and 80.3 % (400/498) of children, respectively. The prevalence of any associated resistance marker in the individual samples was 86.7 % (432/498) for PMQR genes and 90.6 % (451/498) for β-lactamase genes. Overweight children were significantly more likely to carry qnr genes than children with lower weight-for-height z-scores [odds ratios (OR): 1.24; 95 % confidence interval (CI): 10.5-1.48 for each unit increase in weight for height; P=0.01]. Additionally, younger children were significantly more likely to carry ESBL CTX-M genes than older children (OR: 0.97, 95 % CI: 0.94-0.99 for each additional year, P=0.01). CONCLUSION: The carriage of genotypic and phenotypic antimicrobial resistance is highly prevalent among E. coli in healthy children in the community in Vietnam. Future investigations on the carriage of antimicrobial resistant organisms in LMICs should focus on the progression of carriage from birth and structure of the microbiome in obesity

The influence of human genetic variation on early transcriptional responses and protective immunity following immunization with Rotarix vaccine in infants in Ho Chi Minh City in Vietnam : a study protocol for an open single-arm interventional trial [awaiting peer review]

Background: Rotavirus (RoV) remains the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis in infants and children aged under five years in both high- and low-middle-income countries (LMICs). In LMICs, RoV infections are associated with substantial mortality. Two RoV vaccines (Rotarix and Rotateq) are widely available for use in infants, both of which have been shown to be highly efficacious in Europe and North America. However, for unknown reasons, these RoV vaccines have markedly lower efficacy in LMICs. We hypothesize that poor RoV vaccine efficacy across in certain regions may be associated with genetic heritability or gene expression in the human host. Methods/design: We designed an open-label single-arm interventional trial with the Rotarix RoV vaccine to identify genetic and transcriptomic markers associated with generating a protective immune response against RoV. Overall, 1,000 infants will be recruited prior to Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) vaccinations at two months of age and vaccinated with oral Rotarix vaccine at two and three months, after which the infants will be followed-up for diarrheal disease until 18 months of age. Blood sampling for genetics, transcriptomics, and immunological analysis will be conducted before each Rotarix vaccination, 2-3 days post-vaccination, and at each follow-up visit (i.e. 6, 12 and 18 months of age). Stool samples will be collected during each diarrheal episode to identify RoV infection. The primary outcome will be Rotarix vaccine failure events (i.e. symptomatic RoV infection despite vaccination), secondary outcomes will be antibody responses and genotypic characterization of the infection virus in Rotarix failure events. Discussion: This study will be the largest and best powered study of its kind to be conducted to date in infants, and will be critical for our understanding of RoV immunity, human genetics in the Vietnam population, and mechanisms determining RoV vaccine-mediated protection. Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, ID: NCT03587389. Registered on 16 July 2018

Лексические средства связности в речи телеведущего в жанре интерактивной белорусскоязычной телебеседы

Материалы XII Междунар. науч. конф. студентов, магистрантов, аспирантов и молодых ученых, Гомель, 16–17 мая 2019 г

Rhinitis associated with asthma is distinct from rhinitis alone: TARIA‐MeDALL hypothesis

Asthma, rhinitis, and atopic dermatitis (AD) are interrelated clinical phenotypes that partly overlap in the human interactome. The concept of “one-airway-one-disease,” coined over 20 years ago, is a simplistic approach of the links between upper- and lower-airway allergic diseases. With new data, it is time to reassess the concept. This article reviews (i) the clinical observations that led to Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA), (ii) new insights into polysensitization and multimorbidity, (iii) advances in mHealth for novel phenotype definitions, (iv) confirmation in canonical epidemiologic studies, (v) genomic findings, (vi) treatment approaches, and (vii) novel concepts on the onset of rhinitis and multimorbidity. One recent concept, bringing together upper- and lower-airway allergic diseases with skin, gut, and neuropsychiatric multimorbidities, is the “Epithelial Barrier Hypothesis.” This review determined that the “one-airway-one-disease” concept does not always hold true and that several phenotypes of disease can be defined. These phenotypes include an extreme “allergic” (asthma) phenotype combining asthma, rhinitis, and conjunctivitis.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

ẢNH HƯỞNG CỦA MỘT SỐ CHẤT TẠO BÔNG ĐẾN HIỆU SUẤT KẾT BÔNG CỦA TẢO SILIC Skeletonema costatum

Microalgae cultivation is an indispensable step in aquaculture hatcheries to create a feed source for larval and juvenile aqua-animal species. One of the problems in the production of large-scale microalgal biomass is that it requires appropriate low-cost biomass harvesting techniques. For the purpose of finding the most suitable method for recovering the biomass of Skeletonema costatum in large-scale cultivation, we have determined the influence of some flocculants on the flocculation efficiency. The results of laboratory studies showed that the recovering efficiency of Skeletonema costatum was 74.15 ± 3.85% at pH 10.5 after 1 hour. The optimal biomass recovering rate was 94.66 ± 3.26% and 91.01 ± 4.65% at FeCl3 200 mg/L and FeSO4 100 mg/L after 15 minutes, respectively. In experiments with AlCl3 and Al2(SO4)3, the recovering efficiency was 95.23 ± 2.87% at AlCl3 50 mg/L and 91.34 ± 3.8% at Al2(SO4)3 100mg/L after 30 minutes. In this study, Al2(SO4)3 and AlCl3 gave higher flocculation efficiencies for Skeletonema costatum and slower cell damage compared with FeCl3and FeSO4 or pH adjustment.Nuôi trồng vi tảo là khâu không thể thiếu trong các trại giống nuôi trồng thủy sản nhằm tạo ra nguồn thức ăn chủ động. Một trong những vấn đề trong sản xuất sinh khối vi tảo quy mô lớn là phải có kỹ thuật thu hoạch sinh khối thích hợp với chi phí thấp. Với mục đích tìm kiếm phương pháp phù hợp nhất để thu hồi sinh khối tảo Skeletonema costatum khi nuôi ở quy mô lớn, trong nghiên cứu này chúng tôi bước đầu đã xác định ảnh hưởng của một số chất tạo bông đến hiệu suất kết bông của chủng tảo này. Kết quả nghiên cứu trong phòng thí nghiệm cho thấy tảo Skeletonema costatum nghiên cứu đạt hiệu quả thu hồi là 74,15 ± 3,85% ở pH 10,5 sau 1 giờ. Hiệu suất tối ưu thu hồi sinh khối lần lượt là 94,66 ± 3,26% và 91,01 ± 4,65% đạt được ở nồng độ FeCl3 200 mg/L và FeSO4 100 mg/L sau 15 phút. Trong thử nghiệm với AlCl3 và Al2(SO4)3, hiệu suất thu hồi là 95,23 ± 2,87% ở nồng độ AlCl3 50 mg/L và 91,34 ± 3,8% ở nồng độ Al2(SO4)3100 mg/L sau 30 phút. Trong nghiên cứu này, Al2(SO4)3 và AlCl3 cho hiệu suất kết bông cao hơn đối với tảo Skeletonema costatum và thời gian tế bào bị tổn thương chậm hơn so với FeCl3, FeSO4 hay sự thay đổi pH

ẢNH HƯỞNG CỦA MÔI TRƯỜNG DINH DƯỠNG VÀ MẬT ĐỘ BAN ĐẦU ĐẾN SINH TRƯỞNG CỦA VI TẢO Nanochloropsis oculata VÀ THỬ NGHIỆM NUÔI SINH KHỐI TRONG ĐIỀU KIỆN ÁNH SÁNG TỰ NHIÊN Ở THỪA THIÊN HUẾ

This paper aims at identifying the effect of the nutrient medium and initial density on the growth of microalgae Nanochloropsis oculata and performing experiments of biomass cultivation under outdoor conditions. The findings showed that the Walne medium was the best for N. oculata to develop. After 9 days, N. oculata at the initial density of 20% reached the maximal density at (54,95 ± 3,03) × 105 cells/mL with a fairly stable, balanced phase. After 8 days, N. oculata biomass reached the maximal density at (60,69 ± 4,43) × 105 cells/mL when cultured in nylon bags, and (39,56 ± 2,68) × 105 cells/mL in 50 L styrofoam boxes.Nghiên cứu nhằm xác định ảnh hưởng của môi trường dinh dưỡng, mật độ ban đầu đến sinh trưởng của vi tảo Nanochloropsis oculata và thử nghiệm nuôi sinh khối trong điều kiện nuôi kín (túi nilon) và nuôi hở (thùng xốp) với các điều kiện nuôi cơ bản. Kết quả cho thấy vi tảo Nanochloropsis oculata sinh trưởng tốt nhất trong môi trường Walne. Thể tích tiếp giống ban đầu 20% (Vgiống/Vmt) cho kết quả phát triển tốt nhất với mật độ cực đại (54,95 ± 3,03) × 105 tế bào/mL sau 9 ngày nuôi cấy, có pha cân bằng ổn định. Nuôi sinh khối vi tảo Nanochloropsis oculata trong điều kiện ánh sáng tự nhiên trong điều kiện nuôi kín (túi nilon 50 L) sau 8 ngày nuôi mật độ tảo đạt cực đại (60,69 ± 4,43) × 105 tế bào/mL và nuôi hở (thùng xốp 50 L) có kích thước (540 × 385 × 300 mm) chỉ đạt (39,56 ± 2,68) × 105 tế bào/mL

XÁC ĐỊNH SỰ CÓ MẶT CỦA CÁC GEN ĐỘC TỐ Ở CÁC CHỦNG Vibrio GÂY BỆNH HOẠI TỬ GAN TỤY CẤP TÍNH TRÊN TÔM THẺ CHÂN TRẮNG TẠI THỪA THIÊN HUẾ

Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) is a disease caused by bacteria, with the death ratio up to 100% in the population of Litopenaeus vannamei and Penaeus monodon, and causes great economic losses to many shrimp‐producing countries in Asia. Previous studies have shown that not all strains of Vibrio can cause AHPND because they contain different toxin genes, such as pirAvp, pirBvb, tlh, trh, and tdh. In this study, we evaluate the presence of several toxic genes on Vibrio isolates from Thua Thien Hue province and analyze the sequence of these genes. The results show that in 14 Vibrio strains carrying pirABvp gene, the tlh and toxR genes occur in 14/14 and 7/14 strains, respectively, while none of them have the two genes of trh and tdh. Analyzing the sequence of four DNA fragments shows that these genes have high similarity (98–100%) compared with the genes announced on the Genbank. Genes pirAvp and pirBvp are less different, while tlh and toxR genes are more different. The results could be used for further studies in the production of bioproducts for the prevention and treatment of acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease in shrimp.Bệnh hoại tử gan tụy cấp tính (Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease – AHPND) là một bệnh do vi khuẩn gây ra. Bệnh này dẫn đến tỷ lệ chết lên đến 100% trong quần thể tôm thẻ chân trắng, tôm sú và gây những tổn thất kinh tế đáng kể cho ngành nuôi tôm ở nhiều nước châu Á. Các nghiên cứu trước đây cho thấy không phải chủng Vibrio nào cũng có khả năng gây bệnh do chúng mang các gen độc tố khác nhau. Chúng tôi đã đánh giá sự có mặt của các gen độc tố trên các chủng Vibrio phân lập tại Thừa Thiên Huế đồng thời phân tích trình tự các gen này. Kết quả cho thấy trong 14 chủng Vibrio mang gen pirABvp nghiên cứu, gen tlh xuất hiện ở tất cả các chủng, gen toxR xuất hiện ở 7/14 chủng trong khi đó các gen trh và tdh không xuất hiện trong các chủng vi khuẩn Vibrio phân lập được. Giải trình tự đoạn chỉ thị các gen độc tố cho thấy các gen này đều có độ tương đồng khá cao (98–100%) so với các gen đã công bố trên ngân hàng gen, trong đó 2 gen pirAvp và pirBvp ít sai khác còn các gen tlh và toxR có sự sai khác nhiều hơn. Đây là cơ sở để thực hiện các nghiên cứu tiếp theo trong việc sản xuất các chế phẩm phòng và trị bệnh hoại tử gan tụy cấp tính trên tôm

Isolation and Screening of Odor-Reducing Microbes from Swine Manure and Its Role in Reducing Ammonia Release in Combination with Surfactant Foam

Swine farming facilities have increased the production of malodorous gases, which negatively affects people. Hence, we developed a new feasible bio-foam technology wherein long-lasting surfactant foam, including bacteria, were sprayed on swine manure. The surfactant foam acted as a physical barrier, suppressing NH3 release, and the aqueous-phase bacteria formed after foam breaking infiltrated in manure and degraded NH3. In this study, we first isolated NH3-degrading bacteria from swine manure. A bacterial consortium was prepared using the effective NH3-degrading strains Saccharomyces cerevisiae NRRL Y-12632 (99.88%) (TP1), Lactococcus lactis subsp. hordniae NBRC100931T (99.93%) (TP3), and Lactobacillus argentoratensis DSM 16365T (100%) (TP5). The surfactant foam used in this study was a dry foam (foam quality 98.5&ndash;99.0% and foam density 0.025&ndash;0.026 g/cm3), with a foam expansion of 110&ndash;112 and high foamability. Large bubbles were generated with a bubble density of 1 bubble/cm2 and a foam lamella thickness of 0.12 mm. In a lab-scale study, foam was sprayed onto NH3-contaminated soil or real swine manure, which reduced the NH3 emission from the source (soil/manure) almost completely (97&ndash;100%), but NH3 was re-emitted after foam breaking (5 h: open reactor, 7 h: closed reactor). After loading the bacteria on the foam, the initial NH3 odor suppression was similar to that of the foam alone. However, NH3 was effectively reduced by microbial degradation even after foam breaking. Complete odor degradation was observed after 3 days (72 h; 90&ndash;100% reduction) for the NH3-contaminated soil, and 97.7% NH3 in the swine manure was reduced in 24 h. Furthermore, the reagent cost for preparing stable foam was reasonable, indicating its possible field extension

Maternal and neonatal outcomes related to Zika virus in pregnant women in Southern Vietnam: An epidemiological and virological prospective analysis

International audienceBackgroundIn 2016-2017, 68 women in Southern Vietnam had RT-PCR confirmed Zika virus (ZIKV) infection during pregnancy. We report here the outcomes of the pregnancies and the virological analyses related to this outbreak.MethodsWe collected clinical and epidemiological information from the women who were enrolled in the study. Medical records related to the pregnancy in 2016–2017 were retrieved for those who were not able to be enrolled in the study. Children born to women with ZIKV infection during pregnancy were also enrolled. Serum samples were evaluated for presence of ZIKV antibodies. Phylogenetic analyses were performed on Zika virus genomes sequenced from the 2016–2017 serum samples.FindingsOf the 68 pregnancies, 58 were livebirths and 10 were medically terminated. Four of the medical records from cases of fetal demise were able to be retrieved, of which one was consistent with congenital ZIKV infection. Of the 58 women with a livebirth, 21 participated in the follow-up investigation. All but two women had serologic evidence of ZIKV infection. Of the 21 children included in the study (mean age: 30.3 months), 3 had microcephaly at birth. No other clinical abnormalities were reported and no differences in neurodevelopment were observed compared to a control group. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a clade within the ZIKV Asian lineage and branch at the root of samples from the 2013–2014 French Polynesian outbreak. The prM S139N mutation was not observed.InterpretationWe have been able to demonstrate a clade within the ZIKV Asian lineage implicated in adverse pregnancy outcomes in Southern Vietnam