16 research outputs found

    Effet du greffage horticole et de l’inoculation mycorhizienne sur la croissance du baobab (Adansonia digitata L.) en Moyenne et Haute Casamance (SĂ©nĂ©gal)

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    L’objectif de ce travail est d’étudier lÂŽeffet du greffage et de l’inoculation mycorhizienne sur la croissance du baobab dans les rĂ©gions de Kolda et de SĂ©dhiou. Pour ce faire, un dispositif experimental en bloc alĂ©atoire complet constituĂ© de quatre traitements sur des plants de baobab (greffĂ© inoculĂ©, greffĂ© non inoculĂ©, non greffĂ© inoculĂ© et non greffĂ© non inoculĂ©) a Ă©tĂ© mis en place dans huit (8) sites. Le greffage a Ă©tĂ© effectuĂ© avec la mĂ©thode de fente terminale et l’inoculation avec un mĂ©lange de souches de champignons mycorhriziens arbusculaires (Glomus aggretatum, G. intraradices et G. Fasciculatum) en pĂ©piniĂšre. Deux ans aprĂšs plantation, les traitements ont montrĂ© que les plus gros diamĂštres et le plus grand nombre de rameaux sont obtenus avec les plants greffĂ©s (inoculĂ©s et non inoculĂ©s) alors que les hauteurs les plus Ă©levĂ©es avec ceux non inoculĂ©s (non greffĂ©s et greffĂ©s). Le nombre de feuilles le plus imporatant est observĂ© sur les plants non greffĂ©s non inoculĂ©s. Par ailleurs, des diffĂ©rences significatives entre les sites ont ausssi Ă©tĂ© constatĂ©es. Tel est le cas pour les taux de coissance selon les lequels pour la plupart des sites les plants non greffĂ©es inoculĂ©s donnent les meilleurs rĂ©sultats en hauteur et en diamĂ©tre. L’inoculation n’a pas eu d’effet significatif. Les rĂ©sultats de cette Ă©tude contribueront Ă  une meilleure maĂźtrise des techniques de raccourcissement du cycle de production du baobab, par consĂ©quent, au dĂ©veloppement de politiques de rajeunissement des parcs Ă  baobab au SĂ©nĂ©gal pour mieux rĂ©pondre Ă  la demande du marchĂ© national et international de plus en plus croissant. The aim of this work is to study the effect of grafting and mycorrhizal inoculation on recovery, survival and success rates and on certain baobab growth variables in the Kolda and Sedhiou regions. To do this, a complete randomized experimental block consisting of four treatments on baobab plants (grafted inoculated, grafted uninoculated, ungrafted inoculated and ungrafted uninoculated grafted) was placed in eight (8) sites. Grafting was performed using the terminal slit method and inoculation with a mixture of archaeal mycorrhizal fungi strains (Glomus aggretatum, G. intraradices and G. Fasciculatum) in the nursery. Two years after planting, the largest diameters and the largest number of branches are obtained with the grafted plants (inoculated and uninoculated) whereas the highest heights with those not inoculated (ungrafted and grafted). On the other hand, the number of leaves did not give any significant difference. Moreover, there are significant differences between the sites related inter alia to their mode of management. This is the case of the growth rates, which ungrafted inoculated plants have the more important diameter and height in most of the sites. There is no significant effect‘s inoculation. The results of this study will contribute to a better control of the techniques of shortening the cycle of production of baobab by horticultural grafting and, consequently, to the development of rejuvenation policies of baobab parks in Senegal to better meet the demand of the national market and more and more international

    Caractérisation De La Flore Et De La Végétation Ligneuse Des Terroirs Villageois De Keur Birame (Kaffrine) Et Saré Yorobana (Kolda) Au Sénégal

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    Vegetation in sub-Saharan countries is under heavy pressure from anthropogenic activities and climatic deterioration. This study was carried out at Keur Birame and SarĂ© Yorobana villages, which are two edaphoclimatically contrasting localities. The aim of this study is to characterize their flora and woody vegetation. In doing so, 178 vegetation survey of 2500mÂČ each were carried out on all two sites consisting of nine facies of vegetation. The results show a flora of the two soils of 93 species belonging to 80 genera and distributed to 33 botanical families. Among this richness, 78 species belong to SarĂ© Yorobana and 45 species to Keur Birame. Except for regeneration rates (37.30% and 94.04%), all structural parameters studied are higher at SarĂ© Yorobana and the similarity index (0.48) indicates that the two vegetal communities are floristically different. The ligneous stems are generally young with small diameter that hides facies imbalances due to human activities. It would require the various actors synergy to keep trees and biodiversity in the fields and terroirs

    In vitro vasorelaxation mechanisms of bioactive compounds extracted from Hibiscus sabdariffa on rat thoracic aorta

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    <p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>In this study, we suggested characterizing the vasodilator effects and the phytochemical characteristics of a plant with food usage also used in traditional treatment of arterial high blood pressure in Senegal.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Vascular effects of crude extract of dried and powdered calyces of <it>Hibiscus sabdariffa </it>were evaluated on isolated thoracic aorta of male Wistar rats on organ chambers. The crude extract was also enriched by liquid-liquid extraction. The various cyclohexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, butanol extracts obtained as well as the residual marc were subjected to Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography. The different methanolic eluate fractions were then analyzed by Thin Layer (TLC) and High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and their vascular effects also evaluated.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The H. Sabdariffa crude extract induced mainly endothelium-dependent relaxant effects. The endothelium-dependent relaxations result from NOS activation and those who not dependent to endothelium from activation of smooth muscle potassium channels. The phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of phenolic acids in the ethyl acetate extract and anthocyans in the butanolic extract. The biological efficiency of the various studied extracts, in term of vasorelaxant capacity, showed that: Butanol extract > Crude extract > Residual marc > Ethyl acetate extract. These results suggest that the strong activity of the butanolic extract is essentially due to the presence of anthocyans found in its fractions 43-67.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>These results demonstrate the vasodilator potential of <it>hibiscus sabdariffa </it>and contribute to his valuation as therapeutic alternative.</p

    Identification morphométrique des populations de Tribolium castaneum Herbst (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae) inféodées à trois céréales à Widou Thiengoli

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    Objectif: Tribolium castaneum, est un colĂ©optĂšre qui a la capacitĂ© d’infester toutes les cĂ©rĂ©ales et lĂ©gumineuses entreposĂ©es. Sa capacitĂ© Ă  dĂ©rouler son cycle de dĂ©veloppement sur divers substrats alimentaires a suscitĂ© des rĂ©flexions sur son adaptabilitĂ© morphologique. Cette Ă©tude a pour objectif d’identifier la morphologie de T. castaneum Ă  Widou sur diffĂ©rentes cĂ©rĂ©ales.MĂ©thodologie et rĂ©sultats: Trois populations ont Ă©tĂ© dĂ©finies en fonction de la cĂ©rĂ©ale (maĂŻs, mil ou riz) sur laquelle T. castaneum a dĂ©roulĂ© son cycle de dĂ©veloppement. Chacune des populations est constituĂ©e de 30 adultes mĂąles. Sur chaque adulte, 19 variables ont Ă©tĂ© mesurĂ©es. Les distances entre des yeux dorsalement et ventralement (Dyd, Dyv), la largeur du fĂ©mur_3 (lf3) et des Ă©lytres (lme) sont Ă©liminĂ©es de l’analyse car ne prĂ©sentant aucune variabilitĂ© entre les diffĂ©rents individus. Les 15 variables restantes sont utilisĂ©es pour des Analyses en Composante Principale. La taille est le premier facteur qui discrimine la population mil des autres. Suite Ă  la transformation logarithmique des donnĂ©es brutes, l’Analyse discriminante a montrĂ© une diffĂ©rence de forme entre les trois populations. La classification ascendante hiĂ©rarchique a montrĂ© trois groupes morphomĂ©triques. Le groupe_1 dominĂ© par les individus du mil est plus morphologiquement homogĂšne. Le groupe_2 est dominĂ© par les individus du riz et le groupe_3, le plus morphologiquement hĂ©tĂ©rogĂšne, ne renferme que des individus du maĂŻs.Conclusion et application des rĂ©sultats: Ce prĂ©sent travail contribue Ă  la mise en place d’une lutte intĂ©grĂ©e contre T. castaneum. La connaissance de la diversitĂ© populationnelle de ce ravageur primaire des cĂ©rĂ©ales stockĂ©es est nĂ©cessaire pour la mise en place une lutte adaptĂ©e selon sa variabilitĂ© morphogĂ©nĂ©tique.Mots clĂ©s: Tribolium castaneum, biotype, ACP, morphomĂ©trie, AD, Widou Thiengoli, CAHEnglish Title: Morphometric identification of populations of Tribolium castaneum Herbst (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae) subservient to three cereals at Widou ThiengoliEnglish AbstractObjective: Tribolium castaneum is a beetle that has the ability to infest all stored cereals and legumes. Its ability to unfold its development cycle on various food substrates has prompted reflections on its morphological adaptability. This study aims to identify the morphology of T. castaneum in Widou Thiengoli on different cereals.Methodology and results: Three populations were defined according to cereals (maize, millet or rice) on which T. castaneum developed its development cycle. Each population consists of 30 adult males. On each adult, 19 variables were measured. The distances between the dorsal and ventral eyes (Dyd, Dyv), the width of the femur_3 (lf3) and the elytra (lme) are eliminated from the analysis because no variability between the different individuals. The remaining 15 variables are used for Principal Component Analyzes. Size is the primary factor that discriminates the millet population of others. Following the logarithmic transformation of the raw data, Discriminant Analysis showed a difference in shape between the three populations. Hierarchical ascending classification showed three morphometric groups. The group_1 dominated by biotype millet individuals is more morphologically homogeneous. Rice individuals dominate group 2 and group 3, the most morphologically heterogeneous, contains only maize individuals.Conclusion and application of results: There is a morphological difference between the three populations of T. castaneum defined according to the food support, but the hypothesis of a morphological adaptation of T. castaneum on different food substrates can only be confirmed by varying the geographical sites. This present work contributes to the setting up of integrated struggle of T. castaneum. Knowledge of the population diversity of this primary pest of stored grains is necessary for the setting up of an adapted struggle according to its genetic variability.Keywords: Tribolium castaneum, biotype, PCA, morphometry, AD, Widou Thiengoli, CA

    Carriers Density in Function to Silicon Solar Cell Paremeters Involving Excitons Effects

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    Abstract In this work, we have studied the variations of excess minority carriers density in the base in function to some parameters to the silicon solar cell taking into account excitons effects. To do this, we have taken the expressions of excess electrons density in the base obtained by resolution of the differential equations of charge transport in static condition, the study of here variations are done in function to some cell parameters such as the binding coefficient between electrons and excitons and the base thickness in strong coupling. The profile of the excess electron variation in function to the base thickness for a strong coupling shows that, at the base junction, he is independent to the binding coefficient. This invariance is done to the intervention of the electric field that prevails in the depletion region which dissociates almost all excitons arriving at the junction. In depth, a strong coupling coefficient decreases the excess minority carriers density due to recombination that occur with excitons. The excess electrons density variation enabled us to know that when the coupling is strong, the doping level decreases the electrons density caused by the increase of recombination region due to the introduction of many impurities

    Women and politics in Senegal : the embedded dynamics of inclusion-exclusion in the political space of independence to the present day

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    Cette thĂšse interroge l’évolution de la place des femmes dans la sociĂ©tĂ© sĂ©nĂ©galaise post-indĂ©pendance. Un partant de la prĂ©sidence de LĂ©opold SĂ©dar Senghor, marquĂ©e par un fort nationalisme politique, une centralisation du pouvoir, puis une ouverture dĂ©mocratique qui consacre le pluralisme politique, elle analyse toutes les configurations politiques post-indĂ©pendance (pĂ©riode du parti unique, ouverture politique, wolofisation, entrĂ©e des acteurs internationaux, alternance politique, paritĂ©) pour montrer comment s’y imbriquent Ă  la fois des dynamiques d’exclusion et d’inclusion politique des femmes. Elle constitue ainsi une innovation en ce qu’elle rompt avec une tradition dans la recherche sur la condition politique des femmes qui s’inscrivait jusque-lĂ  dans une perspective linĂ©aire ou sĂ©quentielle (Ă©tudiant la condition des femmes en partant d’une pĂ©riode d’exclusion Ă  une pĂ©riode d’inclusion). Elle montre que dans les premiĂšres annĂ©es post-indĂ©pendance, la construction Ă©litiste du pouvoir politique autour du diplĂŽme contribue Ă  renforcer la position dominante des hommes (« Ă©voluĂ©s » puis technocrates). Cette configuration institue surtout une division sexuelle du travail politique qui cantonne les femmes « non instruites » ou wolofones dans leur rĂŽle de mobilisatrices et d’animatrices dans les partis politiques et les femmes instruites dans les marges de la politique (mouvements sociaux et syndicaux). Mais les transformations sociales et culturelles (wolofisation), le dĂ©veloppement du mouvement pour les femmes, l’intĂ©rĂȘt progressif des organisations internationales Ă  l’égalitĂ© de genre depuis les aĂźnĂ©es 1980 permettent une fĂ©minisation de l’espace politique sans pour autant remettre en cause les rapports de genre. Ainsi les politiques de quotas, la constitutionnalisation de la paritĂ©, la mise en place de mĂ©canismes de promotion de la femme comme la wolofisation, bien qu’elles permettent une fĂ©minisation des instances dirigeantes (AssemblĂ©es locales et nationale), montrent leurs limites quant Ă  la transformation des rapports de genre aussi bien dans l’espace privĂ© que dans l’espace public. Les rĂ©sistances sociales et religieuses au fĂ©minisme confortent l’inefficacitĂ© des lois Ă©mancipatrices.This thesis questions the changing role of women in Senegalese post-independence society. Starting from the presidency of Leopold Sedar Senghor, marked by strong political nationalism, centralization of power and a democratic opening which enshrines political pluralism, it analyzes all post-independence political configurations (period of one-party political opening wolofisation, entry of international players, political power, parity) to show how interwoven it both dynamic of exclusion and inclusion policies for women. It both constitutes an innovation in that it breaks with a tradition in research on the political status of women was part previously in a linear or sequential perspective (student status of women starting from a period of exclusion to inclusion period). It shows that in the early post-independence policy of the elitist building around the degree to contribute to strengthen the dominant position of men ("Ă©voluĂ©s" and technocrats). This configuration establishes especially a sexual division of labor policy that confines women "uneducated" or “wolofones” in their role as mobilizers and facilitators in political parties, and women educated in the margins of politics (social and trade union movements). But the social and cultural transformations (wolofisation) for women development movement, the progressive interest of international organizations in gender equality since the 1980s allow a feminization of the political space without calling into question the gender relations. Thus the quota policies, the entrenchment of parity, the establishment of the Women mechanisms such as wolofisation, although they allow a feminization of the governing bodies (local and national Assemblies) show their limits on the transformation of gender relations in both the private space in public space . Religious and social resistance to feminism support the ineffectiveness of emancipation laws

    L’émergence et le dĂ©veloppement d’un mouvement fĂ©ministe dĂ©colonial au SĂ©nĂ©gal : entre approche postcoloniale et revendications Ă©galitaires

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    L’auteur analyse les transformations qui ont influĂ© sur le mouvement fĂ©ministe sĂ©nĂ©galais depuis les annĂ©es 90. Il examine particuliĂšrement les tensions entre un fĂ©minisme universaliste d’inspiration occidentale, dont on critique l’hĂ©gĂ©monie, et un fĂ©minisme postcolonial, dont l’émergence est portĂ©e par les particularismes culturels, religieux et historiques locaux. L’apparition de ce fĂ©minisme dĂ©colonial semble constituer une refondation dans l’histoire des revendications des femmes sĂ©nĂ©galaises. Ces transformations sont perceptibles non seulement dans les discours, mais aussi dans les rĂ©fĂ©rences et les modĂšles qui inspirent les organisations fĂ©ministes sĂ©nĂ©galaises depuis les annĂ©es 90.The author analyses the transformations that have affected the Senegalese feminist movement since the 90s. In particular, he analyses the tensions between a Western-inspired universalist feminism, whose hegemony is criticized, and a postcolonial feminism, whose emergence is driven by local cultural, religious and historical particularisms. The emergence of this decolonial feminism seems to constitute a refoundation in the history of Senegalese women’s demands. These transformations are perceptible not only in the discourses, but also in the references and models that inspire Senegalese feminist organisations since the 90s.El autor analiza las transformaciones que han influido en el movimiento feminista senegalĂ©s desde los años 90. Examina en particular las tensiones entre un feminismo universalista de inspiraciĂłn occidental, cuya hegemonĂ­a se critica, y un feminismo poscolonial, cuya emergencia estĂĄ impulsada por los particularismos culturales, religiosos e histĂłricos locales. La apariciĂłn de este feminismo decolonial parece constituir una refundaciĂłn en la historia de las reivindicaciones de las mujeres senegalesas. Estas transformaciones son perceptibles no sĂłlo en los discursos, sino tambiĂ©n en las referencias y modelos que inspiran a las organizaciones feministas senegalesas desde la dĂ©cada de 1990

    Étude pharmaco-chimique de ressources vĂ©gĂ©tales et algales (recherche de mĂ©tabolites anti-inflammatoires et-ou anti-radicalaires)

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    Ce travail porte sur l étude pharmaco-chimique de deux halophytes, Crithmum maritimum L. (Apiaceae) et Eryngium maritimum L. (Apiaceae); trois macro-algues, Palmaria palmata (L.) O. Kuntze (Palmariaceae), Pelvetia canaliculata (L.) Decne. & Thur. (Fucaceae) et Himanthalia elongata L. Gray (Himanthaliaceae); ainsi qu une micro-algue Scenedesmus sp. (Scenedesmaceae).Le suivi par bio-guidage de l activité anti-inflammatoire (inhibition de la sécrétion de TNFa ou de NO ) et/ ou anti-radicalaire (DPPH, O2 -, OH) des extraits a permis d isoler et d identifier une cinquantaine de constituants par l'utilisation de techniques de CCM, CLHP, RMN 1D et 2D, SM, CPG-SM.Vingt sept composés présentant des effets anti-inflammatoires et/ ou antiradicalaires dont quatre terpÚnes, un aldéhyde cinnamique, un polyacétylÚne, trois coumarines, sept flavonoïdes et onze acides phénoliques ont été isolés des parties aériennes et des cellules indifférenciées de C. maritimum. Deux flavonoïdes et deux acides phénoliques anti-radicalaires ont été isolés des cellules indifférenciées d E. maritimum. Une xanthophylle et un stérol inhibiteurs de la production NO ont été isolés et identifiés de deux algues brunes : P. canaliculata et H. elongata. Deux acides et un aldéhyde cinnamique ont été purifiés à partir de Palmaria palmata, une algue rouge anti-inflammatoire. Enfin, une quinzaine d acides gras et un stérol ont été identifiés du Scenedesmus sp à potentiel anti-inflammatoire. Parmi l ensemble des métabolites secondaires isolés, six structures sont nouvellement décrites.This pharmaco-chemical study concerns two halophytes: Crithmum maritimum L. (Apiaceae) and Eryngium maritimum L. (Apiaceae); three macro-algae, Palmaria palmata (L.) O. Kuntze (Palmariaceae), Pelvetia canaliculata (L.) Decne. & Thur. (Fucaceae) and Himanthalia elongata L. Gray (Himanthaliaceae) as well as one micro-algae Scenedesmus sp. (Scenedesmaceae).A bio-guided fractionation of their anti-inflammatory (inhibition of TNFa or NO production) and/ or free radical scavenging (against DPPH, O2 -, OH) active extracts allowed us to isolate and identify about fifty constituents, using TLC, HPLC, NMR 1D and 2D, MS, GC-MS.Twenty seven compounds with anti-inflammatory and / or radical scavenging activities among which four terpenes, one cinnamic aldehyde, one polyacetylene, three coumarins, seven flavonoids and eleven phenolic acids were isolated and identified from aerial parts and undifferentiated cells of C. maritimum. Two flavonoids and two phenolic acids with anti-oxidant activities were isolated from undifferentiated cells of E. maritimum. A xanthophylle and a sterol inhibiting the NO production were isolated and identified from two brown macro-algae: P. canaliculata and H. elongata. Two acids and a cinnamic aldehyde were purified from Palmaria palmata, an anti-inflammatory red macro-algae.Finally, about fifteen fatty acids and a sterol were identified from a Scenedesmus sp. lipophilic extract with anti-inflammatory effects.Among all the isolated secondary metabolites, six new structures were determined.STRASBOURG ILLKIRCH-Pharmacie (672182101) / SudocSudocFranceF

    Chemical characterization of essential oil from the leaves of Callistemon viminalis (D.R.) and Melaleuca leucadendron (Linn.)

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    Objective: To isolate and identify the compounds in the essential oils from the leaves of Callistemon viminalis (D.R.) and Melaleuca leucadendron (Linn.) collected in Dakar, Senegal. Methods: The essential oils from the leaves of these two myrtaceaes were extracted by steam distillation and analyzed by gas chromatograph and gas chromatography–mass spectrometer. Results: A total of 34 constituents were identified in the oil of Callistemon viminalis and the major compounds were 1.8-cineole (58.12%), limonene (9.72%), α-terpineol (9.56%), geranial (6.02%), ÎŽ-elemene (3.53%), myrcene (2.96%) and α-pinene (2.49%). For the essential oil of Melaleuca leucadendron, 43 constituents were identified, and 1.8-cineole (28.87%), epiglobulol (23.06%), α-pinene (12.22%), limonene (11.65%) and α-terpineol (7.06%) were major compounds. Conclusions: Considering properties of the identified major compounds, essential oils of both studied myrtaceae could be used in the medicine field including the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industry

    Effets du compost de filao (Casuarina equisetifolia) enrichi sur les rendements des cultures maraichÚres dans la zone des Niayes au Sénégal

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    Une technique de compostage de la litiĂšre de filao a Ă©tĂ© mise au point et des essais agronomiques pour Ă©valuer les performances du compost obtenu sur des cultures maraichĂšres (laitue, oignon et navet) ont Ă©tĂ© menĂ©s. Quatre doses de compost (D1=10 tonnes Ă  l’hectare, D2 = 20 tonnes Ă  l’hectare, D3 = 30 tonnes Ă  l’hectare) ont Ă©tĂ© testĂ©es et comparĂ©es avec un tĂ©moin. La qualitĂ© du compost obtenu a Ă©tĂ© apprĂ©ciable avec un pH variable entre 6,63 et 7,76, un rapport  carbone/azote compris entre 18,89 et 22,69 et des teneurs en phosphore comprises entre 0,11 et 0,24 %. A partir de D2, les rendements obtenus avec le compost ont Ă©tĂ© tous significativement supĂ©rieurs aux tĂ©moins pour toutes les spĂ©culations. Le compost a montrĂ© des performances agronomiques avĂ©rĂ©es et pourrait constituer une alternative crĂ©dible Ă  l’utilisation des engrais chimiques dans la zone des Niayes.Mots clĂ©s: Compos-LitiĂšre de filao-Valeur agronomique-Horticulture-Niayes-SĂ©nĂ©gal. Effects of enriched Filao compost (Casuarina equisetifolia) on the  vegetables farming in the Niayes area of SenegalAs part the valorization of the filao litter in the Niayes area, a composting technique was developed and agronomic tests were conduct to evaluate the performance of the compost on vegetable crops (lettuce, onion and turnip). Four compost doses (D1 = 10 t / ha, D2 = 20 t / ha, D3 = 30 t / ha) were tested and compared with a control (D0 = 75 t / ha horse manure) as an experimental device Completely Random Block randomized design with three repetitions. The quality of the compost is highly appreciated with a variable pH between 6.63 and 7.76, a carbon/nitrogen ratio between 18.89 and 22.69 and phosphorus contents between 0.11 and 0.24%. From D2, results showed that the yields with the compost were all significantly higher than the control for all the speculations. Compost showed good agronomic performances and could be a credible alternative for using chemical fertilizers in the Niayes area.Keywords: Compost - Filao litter - Agronomic value - Horticulture - Niayes area – Senega
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