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Integrated case management of repeated intimate partner violence: a randomized, controlled trial
Research Question: Can integrated case management by a multi-agency partnership of the relations between offenders and victims with repeated incidents of intimate partner violence (IPV) reduce the frequency or severity of harm from that violence?
Data: Three batches of 60 IPV dyads were enrolled in a trial, with data collected on services delivered to them and police records for 2 years before and 2 years after random assignment to treatment and control groups.
Methods: The study measured the delivery of all three elements of treatment offered: (1) victim support through Berkshire Womenâs Aid, (2) one-to-one perpetrator counselling through motivational interviewing techniques and (3) follow-up visits to the home addresses of perpetrators and victims. The outcomes for each couple in severity of harm were compared in a before-after, difference-of-differences analysis of Cambridge Crime Harm Index scores. After-only frequency of non-criminal domestic conflict events was also compared.
Findings: Delivery of programme elements was highly variable, but more intense in the treatment group than in control, especially in terms of police visits to offenders (T = 60%, C = zero). Mean difference between 24 months of post-random assignment and the 24 months baseline period for C cases was an increase of 4.15 Cambridge Crime Harm Index (CHI) prison days, while T cases had a mean change of 8.85 fewer CHI days in prison in post-assignment than in baseline. This difference was significant with outliers removed, but not with two control group baseline cases included. There was also a substantially higher rate of frequency of non-crime events in the 24 months after random assignment in T (112) than in C (85).
Conclusions: The overall effect of the programme appeared to have been beneficial, as measured by the Crime Harm Index. The evidence cannot specify how much of that benefit was caused by the more consistent police visits to offenders versus other elements of the programme for both victims and offenders.College of Policing, Thames Valley Polic
Graduate police officers: releasing the potential for pre-employment university programmes for aspiring officers
The introduction of IPLDP (Initial Police Learning and Development Programme) provided Chief Constables with the opportunity to deliver initial police training through established police training approaches or involve other organisations. Since the 1970s there have been attempts by universities in the UK to engage with police services in the design and delivery of educational programmes for police officers. A variety of curriculums and new partnerships have evolved but there is little evidence of the contribution of these developments or whether these ânewâ approaches differ significantly from traditional training regimes. There remains resistance from some quarters towards involving universities in the learning and development of police officers manifested by the Government's lead that situates the essential learning requirements of a police officer below higher education level. This article suggests that policing is at a crossroads and needs to decide now if it wants to be seen as a profession
Hormonal therapy for oestrogen receptor-negative breast cancer is associated with higher disease-specific mortality
Background: Tamoxifen has a remarkable impact on the outcome of oestrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer. Without proven benefits, tamoxifen is occasionally prescribed for women with ER-negative disease. This population-based study aims to estimate the impact of tamoxifen on the outcome of ER-negative disease. Methods: We identified all women (nâ=â528) diagnosed with ER-negative invasive breast cancer between 1995 and 2005. With Cox regression analysis, we calculated breast cancer mortality risks of patients treated with tamoxifen compared with those treated without tamoxifen. We adjusted these risks for the individual probabilities (propensity scores) of having received tamoxifen. Results: Sixty-nine patients (13%) with ER-negative disease were treated with tamoxifen. Five-year disease-specific survival for women treated with versus without tamoxifen were 62% [95% confidence interval (CI) 48% to 76%] and 79% (95% CI 75% to 83%), respectively (PLog-rankâ<â0.001). For ER-negative patients, risk of death from breast cancer was significantly increased in those treated with tamoxifen compared with patients treated without tamoxifen (adjusted hazard ratio = 1.7, 95% CI 1.1-2.9, P = 0.031). Conclusion: Our results show that patients with ER-negative breast cancer treated with tamoxifen have an increased risk of death from their disease. Tamoxifen use should be avoided for these patient
Cherenkov Telescope Array Data Management
Very High Energy gamma-ray astronomy with the Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA)
is evolving towards the model of a public observatory. Handling, processing and
archiving the large amount of data generated by the CTA instruments and
delivering scientific products are some of the challenges in designing the CTA
Data Management. The participation of scientists from within CTA Consortium and
from the greater worldwide scientific community necessitates a sophisticated
scientific analysis system capable of providing unified and efficient user
access to data, software and computing resources. Data Management is designed
to respond to three main issues: (i) the treatment and flow of data from remote
telescopes; (ii) "big-data" archiving and processing; (iii) and open data
access. In this communication the overall technical design of the CTA Data
Management, current major developments and prototypes are presented.Comment: 8 pages, 2 figures, In Proceedings of the 34th International Cosmic
Ray Conference (ICRC2015), The Hague, The Netherlands. All CTA contributions
at arXiv:1508.0589
Researching the use of force: The background to the international project
This article provides the background to an international project on use of force by the police that was carried out in eight countries. Force is often considered to be the defining characteristic of policing and much research has been conducted on the determinants, prevalence and control of the use of force, particularly in the United States. However, little work has looked at police officersâ own views on the use of force, in particular the way in which they justify it. Using a hypothetical encounter developed for this project, researchers in each country conducted focus groups with police officers in which they were encouraged to talk about the use of force. The results show interesting similarities and differences across countries and demonstrate the value of using this kind of research focus and methodology
Gender and police leadership: time for a paradigm shift?
Despite a number of initiatives aimed at improving the representation and progression of women in the police service in England and Wales, the number of women in leadership ranks remains low. At the same time, concern over the quality of police leadership has been at the forefront of much public debate in recent years. This article focuses on recent proposals to reform the way in which senior officers are recruited through a discussion of the appointment of non-sworn/'outsider' officers through the adoption of direct and multiple entry models of recruitment as outlined by the Winsor Review (2012, Independent review of police officer and staff remuneration and conditions. Part 2. http://review.police.uk/part-two-report/). Hailed as an opportunity to secure an alternative face to police leadership, we reflect on the growing disquiet over police leaders and leadership and consider the possibilities of such a reform agenda for the representation and progression of women in policing. We propose that although a multipoint system of entry for specialisation or leadership roles may offer a number of opportunities to a service in crisis, such a reform agenda may ultimately serve to threaten and further undermine women's participation and status in policing as 'outsiders'
The development of policing in Britain in the next five years.
The British police service is currently going through a radical transformation phase. The present Tory-led
coalition government has set out an agenda to bring about drastic changes in policing. These proposed
changes are unprecedented in the history of policing since 1829.
The police service is governed by a tripartite arrangement of checks and balances laid down under the
Police Act 1964. By this I mean that there are three key players in relation to police governance in Britain: the
Home Secretary, the local police authority and the chief constable. The future of policing in the next five
years is set out clearly by the Home Secretary, Theresa May MP, under the Police Reform and Social
Responsibility Bill, which is currently being reviewed in the House of Lords.
The recent phone hacking scandal has made it imperative for the British public to have a closer look at the
police service in relation to proper accountability. There have been references to police corruption as far
back as the era of 'parish constables', dating back to 1800, when it was alleged that police officers took
bribes, got drunk whilst on duty and lacked moral credibility to protect and serve us (Critchley, 1978). In the
seventies and eighties the British public was informed of another scandal involving members of Scotland
Yard and criminal gangs in the East End of London. In this article, I shall argue that the issue of police
corruption is not a new phenomenon. It is has been an ongoing issue that has haunted the police for over a
century.
This article is divided into three parts. In the first part of the article I present the following issues: the
Metropolitan Police policing plan 2011-2014; the merits and demerits of the policing plan; tripartite police
accountability and its shortcomings; democratic accountability and localisation of policing; the
professionalisation of policing and the creation of the Police Body; review of police pay and benefits; and the
impact of this on police officers' morale.
In the second part of my article I present some of the criticisms levelled against the ongoing police reforms. I
will look at the criticisms from both internal and external perspectives. By internal criticism, I mean police
officers' opposition to the reforms. By external criticism, I mean criticisms from criminologists and members
of the British public.
In the third part of my article I made my position clear on where I stand in relation to the ongoing police
reforms. I shall argue that the current ongoing job cuts in the police service are a disaster waiting to happen,
and that our safety has been compromised by politicians. We are now living at the mercy of criminals and law breakers due to manpower shortage. We are all living witnesses to the ongoing public disturbances in
Tottenham, Enfield, Brixton, Peckham, Walthamstow and Croydon, in London. The speed of the spread of
these riots to other cities like Bristol, Birmingham, Manchester and Liverpool occurred on an unimaginable
scale. We all watched how difficult it was for the police to restore order and normality. Rioters looted and
plundered goods and burnt down buildings as if no laws existed in our country. A complete breakdown of law
and order put the lives of citizens at risk.
My article makes a passionate appeal to the present coalition government to rethink the issue of reducing the
numbers of police officers protecting us. I shall argue that we need more police officers in Britain not fewer.
The level of anger and social discontent is higher than the government ever anticipated, partly because of
economic hardship. My argument is that economic hardship is not an excuse to commit burglary, theft,
arson, murder and criminal damage with intent to endanger life. Rioters are shameless opportunists, a bunch
of hoodlums, criminals who have no place in any civilised society, who should be made to face the due
process of law
The Importance of Context and Cognitive Agency in Developing Police Knowledge: Going Beyond the Police Science Discourse
This paper argues the current exposition of police knowledge through the discourses of police science and evidenced based policing (EBP) leads to exaggerated claims about what is, and can be, known in policing. This new orthodoxy underestimates the challenges of applying knowledge within culturally-mediated police practice. The paper draws upon virtue epistemology highlighting the role cognitive agency plays in establishing knowledge claims. We challenge the assumption that it is possible to derive what works in all instances of certain aspects of policing and suggest it would be more apt to speak about what worked within a specific police context
Editorial: Fifty Campbell systematic reviews relevant to the policy response to COVID-19
This is the final version. Available on open access from Wiley via the DOI in this recordNational Institute for Health Research (NIHR
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