Segmentation of orbital and periorbital lesions detected in orbital magnetic resonance imaging by deep learning method

Purpose: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has a special place in the evaluation of orbital and periorbital lesions. Segmentation is one of the deep learning methods. In this study, we aimed to perform segmentation in orbital and periorbital lesions. Material and methods: Contrast-enhanced orbital MRIs performed between 2010 and 2019 were retrospectively screened, and 302 cross-sections of contrast-enhanced, fat-suppressed, T1-weighted, axial MRI images of 95 patients obtained using 3 T and 1.5 T devices were included in the study. The dataset was divided into 3: training, test, and validation. The number of training and validation data was increased 4 times by applying data augmentation (horizontal, vertical, and both). Pytorch UNet was used for training, with 100 epochs. The intersection over union (IOU) statistic (the Jaccard index) was selected as 50%, and the results were calculated. Results: The 77th epoch model provided the best results: true positives, 23; false positives, 4; and false negatives, 8. The precision, sensitivity, and F1 score were determined as 0.85, 0.74, and 0.79, respectively. Conclusions: Our study proved to be successful in segmentation by deep learning method. It is one of the pioneering studies on this subject and will shed light on further segmentation studies to be performed in orbital MR images

Results of rhabdomyosarcoma treatment in a developing country.

Fifty-one children (median age: 4.5 years; 4 months-16 years) diagnosed with rhabdomyosarcoma were treated in our center between 1980-1999. The primary sites were head and neck in 31.4%, the genito-urinary system in 21.6%, and extremities in 9.8% of the patients. The histopathologic subtypes were embryonal in 80.4%, alveolar in 9.8%, and undifferentiated in 9.8%. The majority of the patients were considered group III (47%) and group IV (25.5%) according the criteria of the Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study (IRS). Primary total tumour resection was performed in only 27.5% of the patients. The patients were treated with assigned regimens of IRS II and IRS III protocols. Radiotherapy was applied to 92.1% of the patients. Thirty-four patients (66.7%) were lost to follow up, and of the remaining 17 patients, 7 patients (41.2%) died, relapse occurred in 9 patients (52.9%) and 10 patients (58.8%) are alive. The percentage of cases lost to follow up during the first 10 years and the following 9 years of the study were 77.4% and 50%, respectively. In compliance with cancer treatment remains a major problem in developing countries.</p

A Prospective Study of Etiology of Childhood Acute Bacterial Meningitis, Turkey

Vaccines to prevent bacterial meningitis in this region must provide reliable protection against serogroup W-135

Characterization of greater middle eastern genetic variation for enhanced disease gene discovery

The Greater Middle East (GME) has been a central hub of human migration and population admixture. The tradition of consanguinity, variably practiced in the Persian Gulf region, North Africa, and Central Asia1-3, has resulted in an elevated burden of recessive disease4. Here we generated a whole-exome GME variome from 1,111 unrelated subjects. We detected substantial diversity and admixture in continental and subregional populations, corresponding to several ancient founder populations with little evidence of bottlenecks. Measured consanguinity rates were an order of magnitude above those in other sampled populations, and the GME population exhibited an increased burden of runs of homozygosity (ROHs) but showed no evidence for reduced burden of deleterious variation due to classically theorized ‘genetic purging’. Applying this database to unsolved recessive conditions in the GME population reduced the number of potential disease-causing variants by four- to sevenfold. These results show variegated genetic architecture in GME populations and support future human genetic discoveries in Mendelian and population genetics

Effects of design parameters on a multi jet impinging heat transfer

The main focus of this work is a synergistic heat transfer analysis of the impinging multi jets. The geometry of the jet holes, arrangement of those holes, density of the jets through spanwise and streamwise directions and type of the confinement are the design parameters that affect the impingement characteristics. The numerical analysis is run by using commercial software ANSYS-CFX that uses computational fluid dynamics (CFD) codes. The average Nusselt number is extracted as the heat transfer result. It is concluded that, the heat transfer distribution under the densest-array jet impingement inside the one-exit-confined channel is behaved as the single jet because of the strong adjacent jet interference. The highest jet impingement heat transfer is achieved for the case using square jets. The effect of jet arrangement seems to be the weakest parameter on the heat transfer. Keywords: Multi jet impingement, Computational fluid dynamics CFD, ANSYS-CF

Conduction mechanisms, molecular modelling and micro-Raman studies of TlInSe2 chalcogenide crystal

The temperature dependence of the electrical conductivity of the sample was studied for temperatures between 120 and 330 Kelvin. The DC measurements suggest that the electrical transport is governed by space charge limited conduction mechanism in the temperature range (210-330 K) and the related parameters, such as trap density, activation energy were calculated. The ac conductivity of the studied sample was investigated in the frequency range 10 Hz-20MHz and temperature range 173-373 K. The temperature dependence of both the ac conductivity and the frequency exponent, s is reasonably well interpreted in terms of the correlated barrier hopping model. Molecular Mechanics calculations with universal force field were performed on the TlIn(4)Se(1)s cluster that represent the local structure of the investigated crystal. The optimal geometries and the vibrational properties of the investigated cluster were calculated using universal force field method

Design analysis of fluid-flow through perforated plates

The performance of the perforated plates in fluid-flow applications is evaluated by measuring the pressure drop of the working fluid. The purpose of this investigation is to determine how different parameters affect the capability of the perforated plates and modify the design by using a design of experiment analysis, namely Taguchi method for optimization. The flow characteristics, which were obtained by the CFD software package ANSYS-CFX, were used for this analysis. The design parameters which affect the pressure loss are Reynolds number (A), porosity (B), non-dimensional thickness of the plate (C), and hole pattern (D). The level of importance of the design parameters are determined by use of analysis of variance method. According to the analysis, the optimum values are obtained for the case A8B2C2D1 (Re = 15000, porosity = 50.3, t / D = 1, and staggered hole). The most effective design parameter on the results is found as porosity (92%), while the least effective is the hole pattern (0.2%). A special dividend of this work was to demonstrate the capabilities of the Taguchi method as a powerful means of increasing the effectiveness of numerical simulation

Evaluation of the hypoglycemic effect of exendin-4's new oral self-nanoemulsifying system in rats

The objective of this study is to develop a new self-nanoemulsifying system containing exendin-4 with or without enzyme inhibitor chymostatin and to evaluate the effects of oral administration of exendin-4 and exendin-4/chymostatin loaded self nanoemulsifying system on plasma exendin-4, plasma insulin, blood glucose levels and to compare with the oral and subcutaneous administration of exendin-4 in non-diabetic and streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetic rats. Exendin-4 and exendin-4/chymostatin loaded self-nanoemulsifying system containing ethyl oleate as the oil phase, Cremophor EL (R)/Labrasol (R) as the surfactants and propylene glycol as the co-solvent were prepared. The mean droplet size, polydispersity index, zeta potential and viscosity of exendin-4 loaded self-nanoemulsifying system were found as 24.28 +/- 0.43 nm, 0.17 +/- 0.01, -1.28 +/- 3.61 mV, 79.60 +/- 3.30 m.Pas, respectively. The mean droplet size, polydispersity index, zeta potential and viscosity of exendin-4/chymostatin loaded self-nanoemulsifying system were found as 20.25 +/- 0.35 nm, 0.11 +/- 0.02, -1.85 +/- 2.49 mV, 100.02 +/- 7.65 m.Pas, respectively according to our previous study. In the present study, we focused on long-term physical stability studies, pharmacokinetic studies and pharmacodynamic studies of prepared self-nanoemulsifying systems. According to the long-term physical stability data, exendin-4 and exendin-4/chymostatin loaded self-nanoemulsifying systems were found stable both at 5 degrees C +/- 3 degrees C and at 25 degrees C +/- 60% RH for 12 months. Exendin-4 and exendin-4/chymostatin loaded self-nanoemulsifying systems increased AUC and C-max values in non-diabetic rats compared to the oral exendin-4 solution. In diabetic rats, exendin-4/chymostatin loaded self nanoemulsifying systems increased C-max values compared to the exendin-4 solution. Exendin-4/chymostatin loaded self-nanoemulsifying system decreased inter-subject variability compared to commercial Byetta (R). At 30th minute after administration of exendin-4 loaded self-nanoemulsifying system, exendin-4/chymostatin loaded self nanoemulsifying system and Byetta (R), blood glucose levels decreased to 23%, 25%, 29%, respectively. It has been shown that pharmacodynamic response is close to Byetta (R) with exendin-4/chymostatin self-nanoemulsifying system oral administration. In conclusion, a self nanoemulsifying system was found to be a suitable carrier system, and the combination with enzyme inhibitor chymostatin is thought to be promising for oral delivery of exendin-4