Development of the Model of the Antagonistic Agents Behavior Under a Cyber Conflict

The results of the development of the model of the antagonistic agents behavior in a cyber conflict are presented. It is shown that the resulting model can be used to analyze investment processes in security systems, taking into account the assumption that investment processes are significantly influenced by the behavior of parties involved in a cyber conflict.General approaches to model development are presented. First of all, the system of concepts, assumptions and limitations is formed, within the framework of which a mathematical model of behavior must be developed. Taking this into account, the mathematical model of the conflicting agents behavior, presented in the form of algebraic and differential equations, is developed. The developed model presents both the technical characteristics of the security system and the psychological characteristics of the participants in the cyber conflict, which affect the financial characteristics of the investment processes in cybersecurity systems. A distinctive feature of the proposed model is the simultaneous consideration of the behavior of the parties to a cyber conflict not as independent parties, but as agents mutually interacting with each other. The model also makes it possible to simulate the destabilizing effect of the confrontation environment disturbances on the behavior of the conflicting parties, changing the degree of vulnerability of the cybersecurity system along various attack vectors and the level of their success.Using the developed model, simulation modeling of the interacting agents behavior in a cyber conflict is performed. The simulation results showed that even the simplest behavior strategies of the attacking side (“the weakest link”) and the defense side (“wait and see”) make it possible to ensure information security of the business process loop.The developed model of interaction between the attacker and the defender can be considered as a tool for modeling the processes of the conflicting parties behavior when implementing various investment scenarios. The simulation results enable decision-makers to receive support regarding the direction of investment in the security of the business process loop

Metastable State of Glass Ceramics of Li2O−11.5GeO2 with Enhanceable Conductivity

Нестеров, А. А. Метастабильное состояние стеклокерамики Li2O−11.5GeO2 с повышенной электропроводностью / А. А. Нестеров, М. П. Трубицын, Д. М. Волнянский // Физика твердого тела. – 2015. – Т. 57. – Вып. 4. – С. 668-673.RU: Кристаллизация стекла состава Li2O−11.5GeO2 проведена при нагревании и путем изотермической выдержки вблизи температуры расстеклования. В процессе кристаллизации стекла при нагреве изучены тепловые свойства и электропроводность σ в переменном поле. Зависимости σ(T) измерены для образцов Li2O−11.5GeO2, кристаллизация которых осуществлена изотермически. Термическая обработка исходного стеклa позволила получить образцы в промежуточном метастабильном состоянии с повышенной электропроводностью. При T∼500 K электропроводность промежуточного состояния на порядок выше, чем в исходном стекле, и на три порядка выше, чем в случае стеклокерамики, состоящей из кристаллитов Li2Ge7O15 и аморфной фазы GeO2. Предполагается, что увеличение σ в промежуточном состоянии обусловлено проводимостью приповерхностных слоев и определяется наличием большого числа упорядоченных областей с размерами в нанометровом диапазоне.UK: Кристалізація скла складу Li2O−11.5GeO2 проведена при нагріванні і шляхом ізотермічної витримки поблизу температури расстеклования. В процесі кристалізації скла при нагріві вивчені теплові властивості і електропровідність σ в змінному полі. Залежності σ (T ) виміряні для зразків Li2O−11.5GeO2, кристалізація яких здійснена ізотермічно. Термічна обробка початкового склa дозволила отримати зразки в проміжному метастабільному стані з підвищеною електропровідністю. При T∼500 K електропровідність проміжного стану на порядок вища, ніж в початковому склі, і на три порядки вище, ніж у разі склокераміки, що складається з кристалітів Li2Ge7O15 і аморфної фази GeO2. Передбачається, що збільшення σ в проміжному стані обумовлене провідністю приповерхневих шарів і визначається наявністю великого числа впорядкованих областей з розмірами в нанометровому діапазоні.EN: Crystallization of glass of composition of Li2O−11.5GeO2 is conducted at heating and by isothermal self-control near-by the temperature of unglasses. In the process of crystallization of glass at heating studied thermal properties and conductivity σ are in the variable field. Dependences σ(T) are measured for standards Li2O−11.5GeO2, crystallization of that is carried out isothermally. Heat treatment initial of glass allowed to get standards in the transient metastable state with an enhanceable conductivity. At T∼500 K conductivity of the transient state on an order is higher, than in initial glass, and on three orders higher, than in case of glass ceramics consisting of crystals of Li2Ge7O15 and amorphous phase of GeO2. It is assumed that an increase σ in the transient state is conditioned by conductivity of near superficial layers and determined by the presence of large number of well-organized areas with sizes in a nanometer range.Днепропетровский национальный университет им. Олеся Гончара, Днепропетровс

Spectrums of Complex Impedance of Glass and Glass of Ceramics Li2O−11.5GeO2

Спектры комплексного импеданса стекла и стеклокерамики Li2O−11.5GeO2 / А. А. Нестеров, М. П. Трубицын, С. Н. Пляка, Д. М. Волнянский // Физика твердого тела. – 2015. – Т. 57. – Вып. 9 – С. 1715-1719.RU: Спектры комплексного импеданса ρ∗ исследованы для фазовых состояний, полученных при кристаллизации стекла Li2O−11.5GeO2. Результаты измерения ρ∗ для исходного стекла, промежуточного состояния и стеклокерамики описаны на основе метода эквивалентных схем замещения с учетом фазового состава образцов. Предполагается, что перенос заряда в исследованных соединениях осуществляется мобильными ионами Li. Увеличение электропроводности σ для промежуточного состояния объясняется значительной дисперсностью среды и высокой подвижностью носителей заряда.UK: Спектри комплексного імпедансу ρ∗ досліджені для фазових станів, отриманих при кристалізації стекла Li2O− 11.5GeO2. Результати виміру ρ∗ для початкового скла, проміжного стану і склокераміки описані на основі методу еквівалентних схем заміщення з урахуванням фазового складу зразків. Передбачається, що перенесення заряду в досліджених з'єднаннях здійснюється мобільними іонами Li. Збільшення електропровідності σ для проміжного стану пояснюється значною дисперсністю середовища і високою рухливістю носіїв заряду.EN: The spectrums of complex impedance ρ∗ are investigational for the phase states got during crystallization of glass of Li2O− 11.5GeO2. Measuring ρ∗ results for initial glass, transient state and glass of ceramics described on the basis of method of equivalent charts of substitution taking into account phase composition of standards. It is assumed that the transfer of charge in investigational connections comes true by the mobile ions of Li. The increase of conductivity σ for the transient state is explained by considerable dispersion of environment and high mobility of carriers of charge.Днепропетровский национальный университет им. Олеся Гончар

Transverse-momentum and event-shape dependence of D-meson flow harmonics in Pb–Pb collisions at √sNN = 5.02 TeV

The elliptic and triangular flow coefficients v2 and v3 of prompt D0, D+, and D∗+ mesons were measured at midrapidity (|y| < 0.8) in Pb–Pb collisions at the centre-of-mass energy per nucleon pair of √sNN = 5.02 TeV with the ALICE detector at the LHC. The D mesons were reconstructed via their hadronic decays in the transverse momentum interval 1 < pT < 36 GeV/c in central (0–10%) and semi-central (30–50%) collisions. Compared to pions, protons, and J/ψ mesons, the average D-meson vn harmonics are compatible within uncertainties with a mass hierarchy for pT 3 GeV/c, and are similar to those of charged pions for higher pT. The coupling of the charm quark to the light quarks in the underlying medium is further investigated with the application of the event-shape engineering (ESE) technique to the D-meson v2 and pT-differential yields. The D-meson v2 is correlated with average bulk elliptic flow in both central and semi-central collisions. Within the current precision, the ratios of per-event Dmeson yields in the ESE-selected and unbiased samples are found to be compatible with unity. All the measurements are found to be reasonably well described by theoretical calculations including the effects of charm-quark transport and the recombination of charm quarks with light quarks in a hydrodynamically expanding medium

Measurement of K*(892)(+/-) production in inelastic pp collisions at the LHC

The first results on K⁎(892)± resonance production in inelastic pp collisions at LHC energies of s=5.02, 8, and 13 TeV are presented. The K⁎(892)± has been reconstructed via its hadronic decay channel K⁎(892)→±KS0+π± with the ALICE detector. Measurements of transverse momentum distributions, pT-integrated yields, and mean transverse momenta for charged K⁎(892) are found to be consistent with previous ALICE measurements for neutral K⁎(892) within uncertainties. For pT>1 GeV/c the K⁎(892)± transverse momentum spectra become harder with increasing centre-of-mass energy from 5.02 to 13 TeV, similar to what previously observed for charged kaons and pions. For pT<1 GeV/c the K⁎(892)± yield does not evolve significantly and the abundance of K⁎(892)± relative to K is rather independent of the collision energy. The transverse momentum spectra, measured for K⁎(892)± at midrapidity in the interval 0 < pT<15 GeV/c, are not well described by predictions of different versions of PYTHIA 6, PYTHIA 8 and EPOS-LHC event generators. These generators reproduce the measured pT-integrated K⁎±/K ratios and describe well the momentum dependence for pT<2 GeV/c

Global baryon number conservation encoded in net-proton fluctuations measured in Pb–Pb collisions at √sNN=2.76 TeV

Experimental results are presented on event-by-event net-proton fluctuation measurements in Pb–Pb collisions at √sNN=2.76 TeV, recorded by the ALICE detector at the CERN LHC. These measurements have as their ultimate goal an experimental test of Lattice QCD (LQCD) predictions on second and higher order cumulants of net-baryon distributions to search for critical behavior near the QCD phase boundary. Before confronting them with LQCD predictions, account has to be taken of correlations stemming from baryon number conservation as well as fluctuations of participating nucleons. Both effects influence the experimental measurements and are usually not considered in theoretical calculations. For the first time, it is shown that event-by-event baryon number conservation leads to subtle long-range correlations arising from very early interactions in the collisions

Multiplicity dependence of inclusive J/ψ production at midrapidity in pp collisions at √s=13 TeV

Measurements of the inclusive J/ψ yield as a function of charged-particle pseudorapidity density dNch/dη in pp collisions at √s = 13 TeV with ALICE at the LHC are reported. The J/ψ meson yield is measured at midrapidity (|y| < 0.9) in the dielectron channel, for events selected based on the charged-particle multiplicity at midrapidity (|η| < 1) and at forward rapidity (−3.7 < η < −1.7 and 2.8 < η < 5.1); both observables are normalized to their corresponding averages in minimum bias events. The increase of the normalized J/ψ yield with normalized dNch/dη is significantly stronger than linear and dependent on the transverse momentum. The data are compared to theoretical predictions, which describe the observed trends well, albeit not always quantitatively

KS0KS0 and KS0K± femtoscopy in pp collisions at √s=5.02 and 13 TeV

Femtoscopic correlations with the particle pair combinations K0 SK0 S and K0 SK± are studied in pp collisions at √s = 5.02 and 13 TeV by the ALICE experiment. At both energies, boson source parameters are extracted for both pair combinations, by fitting models based on Gaussian size distributions of the sources, to the measured two-particle correlation functions. The interaction model used for the K0 SK0 S analysis includes quantum statistics and strong final-state interactions through the f0(980) and a0(980) resonances. The model used for the K0 SK± analysis includes only the final-state interaction through the a0 resonance. Source parameters extracted in the present work are compared with published values from pp collisions at √s = 7 TeV and the different pair combinations are found to be consistent. From the observation that the strength of the K0 SK0 S correlations is significantly greater than the strength of the K0 SK± correlations, the new results are compatible with the a0 resonance being a tetraquark state of the form (q1, q2, s, s), where q1 and q2 are u or d quarks

Direct observation of the dead-cone effect in quantum chromodynamics

The direct measurement of the QCD dead cone in charm quark fragmentation is reported, using iterative declustering of jets tagged with a fully reconstructed charmed hadron