Hydrometeorological Responses to Abrupt Land Surface Change Following Hurricane Michael

While many of the destructive environmental conditions associated with tropical cyclones are well recognized, tropical cyclone-induced defoliation, a reduction in green leaves and mature vegetation, has been largely overlooked as a source of environmental stress following tropical cyclone passage. The land surface change associated with defoliation reduces evapotranspiration and shade, thus altering boundary layer moisture and energy fluxes that drive the local water cycle, for many months after tropical cyclone passage. Understanding the potential for any hydrometeorological impacts arising from such abrupt land surface change is important for guiding future post-hurricane preparedness and recovery planning in coastal communities. This thesis investigates spatial and temporal changes in defoliation-related precipitation and cloud activity in the month following Hurricane Michael’s (2018) passage through Florida, as well as the potential modification of flash flood frequency one year following the storm. Two Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, version 3.8, simulations are employed to determine the degree to which defoliation from Michael alters heat fluxes, temperature, relative humidity, cloud fraction, and precipitation during the one-month post-storm study period near the storm’s track. A preliminary analysis of historical flash flood reports is also performed to assess relative changes in flash flood frequency near the defoliated area during the year after landfall. In the month following Michael, modeled 2-m temperature increased by 0.7 C°, with the greatest temperature change occurring at night, and sensible heat flux increased by 8.3 W m-2. Average relative humidity decreased from 73% to 70.1%, and latent heat flux decreased by an average of 13.9 W m-2. The discrepancy between the decrease in latent heat flux and increase in sensible heat flux approximately matches the increased daytime downward ground heat flux. Additionally, the defoliated simulation demonstrated decreased low-cloud fraction while mid-level cloud cover showed an increasing trend, indicating a potential ascension in the cloud base height. Coupled with the reduction in relative humidity, this suggests that with less near-surface moisture, air parcels needed to ascend higher to reach saturation. Precipitation accumulation change is insignificant when averaged over one month, yet evidence of redistribution nearest Michael’s track is found

Methods for the synthesis of polyhydroxylated piperidines by diastereoselective dihydroxylation: Exploitation in the two-directional synthesis of aza-C-linked disaccharide derivatives

Background: Many polyhydroxylated piperidines are inhibitors of the oligosaccharide processing enzymes, glycosidases and glycosyltransferases. Aza-C-linked disaccharide mimetics are compounds in which saturated polyhydroxylated nitrogen and oxygen heterocycles are linked by an all-carbon tether. The saturated oxygen heterocycle has the potential to mimic the departing sugar in a glycosidase-catalysed reaction and aza-C-linked disaccharide mimetics may, therefore, be more potent inhibitors of these enzymes. Results: The scope, limitations and diastereoselectivity of the dihydroxylation of stereoisomeric 2-butyl-1-(toluene-4-sulfonyl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-pyridin-3-ols is discussed. In the absence of a 6- substituent on the piperidine ring, the Upjohn (cat. OsO4, NMO, acetone-water) and Donohoe (OsO4, TMEDA, CH2Cl2) conditions allow complementary diastereoselective functionalisation of the alkene of the (2R*,3R*) diastereoisomer. However, in the presence of a 6-substituent, the reaction is largely controlled by steric effects with both reagents. The most synthetically useful protocols were exploited in the two-directional synthesis of aza-C-linked disaccharide analogues. A two-directional oxidative ring expansion was used to prepare bis-enones such as (2R,6S,2'S)-6- methoxy-2-(6-methoxy-3-oxo-3,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-2-ylmethyl)-1-(toluene-4-sulfonyl)-1,6- dihydro-2H-pyridin-3-one from the corresponding difuran. Selective substitution of its N,O acetal was possible. The stereochemical outcome of a two-directional Luche reduction step was different in the two heterocyclic rings, and depended on the conformation of the ring. Finally, twodirectional diastereoselective dihydroxylation yielded seven different aza-C-linked disaccharide analogues. Conclusion: A two-directional approach may be exploited in the synthesis of aza-C-linked disaccharide mimetics. Unlike previous approaches to similar molecules, neither of the heterocyclic rings is directly derived from a sugar, allowing mimetics with unusual configurations to be prepared. The work demonstrates that highly unsymmetrical molecules may be prepared using a two directional approach. The deprotected compounds may have potential as inhibitors of oligosaccharide-processing enzymes and as tools in chemical genetic investigations

Estudio y propuesta de mejoras en los tiempos de proceso en el Servicio de Atención a Clientes en CGE Distribución, oficina Concepción

Tesis (Ingeniero Civil Industrial)En el presente trabajo, se realizará un análisis de los tiempos de atención a los clientes en la oficina comercial de la ciudad de Concepción, de la empresa eléctrica CGE Distribución S. A., realizando una comparación con los estándares de tiempo que la propia empresa se ha puesto como metas. Esto está basado en el programa de mejoramiento de sus relaciones con los clientes denominado Custome Experience (CeX), el cual nació como resultado del indicador NPS (Net Promoter Score) aplicado en el segundo semestre del año 2015, cuando el nuevo controlador, Gas Natural Fenosa, tomó posesión de la empresa. Adicionalmente se presentarán propuestas de mejoras en el proceso de atención a los clientes, luego de obtener y analizar los resultados de pruebas de estas propuestas en el software ProModel, el cual tiene como característica principal que permite simular cualquier tipo de sistemas, encontrando los valores óptimos de los parámetros claves del modelo

City of Inkster: Park, Recreation and Open Space Plan

This project focused on updating the five-year Park, Recreation, and Open Space Plan of Inkster, Michigan. It involved public listening sessions, a mail survey to a sample of registered voters, and the development of a draft plan

Opportunities and limitations of thinning to increase resistance and resilience of trees and forests to global change

We reviewed recent literature to identify the positive and negative effects of thinning on both stand- and tree-level resistance and resilience to four stressors that are expected to increase in frequency and/or severity due to global change: (1) drought, (2) fire, (3) insects and pathogens, and (4) wind. There is strong evidence that thinning, particularly heavy thinning, reduces the impact of drought and also the risk and severity of fire when harvest slash is burned or removed. Thinning also increases the growth and vigor of residual trees, making them less susceptible to eruptive insects and pathogens, while targeted removal of host species, susceptible individuals and infected trees can slow the spread of outbreaks. However, the evidence that thinning has consistent positive effects is limited to a few insects and pathogens, and negative effects on root rot infection severity were also reported. At this point, our review reveals insufficient evidence from rigorous experiments to draw general conclusions. Although thinning initially increases the risk of windthrow, there is good evidence that thinning young stands reduces the long-term risk by promoting the development of structural roots and favouring the acclimation of trees to high wind loads. While our review suggests that thinning should not be promoted as a tool that will universally increase the resistance and resilience of forests, current evidence suggests that thinning could still be an effective tool to reduce forest vulnerability to several stressors, creating a window of opportunity to implement longer term adaptive management strategies such as assisted migration. We highlight knowledge gaps that should be targeted by future research to assess the potential contribution of thinning to adaptive forest management. One of these gaps is that studies from boreal and tropical regions are drastically underrepresented, with almost no studies conducted in Asia and the southern hemisphere. Empirical evidence from these regions is urgently needed to allow broader-scale conclusions

Análisis comparativo de costos y propiedades mecánicas de muretes adheridos con "MASSA DUN-DUN", mortero tradicional y mortero seco predosificado, Trujillo 2019

RESUMEN La presente investigación se ejecutó con el objetivo de realizar el análisis comparativo de costos y propiedades mecánicas de muretes adheridos con Massa Dun-Dun, mortero tradicional y mortero seco predosificado en Trujillo. Para la elaboración de la tesis se utilizó un diseño no experimental y transversal-descriptivo, el muestreo fue no probabilístico por juicio, por ello se ensayaron un total de nueve pilas, que ayudaron a determinar la resistencia a la compresión, y nueve muretes que ayudaron a determinar la resistencia al corte (3 grupos de 3 pilas cada uno y 3 grupos de 3 muretes cada uno, adheridos con los pegantes a comparar). Finalmente, se obtuvo que el mortero seco predosificado es el que alcanza una mayor resistencia tanto a la compresión (73.40 kg/cm2) como al corte (12.57 kg/cm2), logrando superar por 13% y 55% respectivamente a lo que indica la norma E.070 del RNE; asimismo se determinó experimentalmente que el adherente más económico es la Massa Dun-Dun pues resulta costando aproximadamente 4% menos que el mortero tradicional

Guía de formulación y evaluación de proyectos municipales que contribuya al desarrollo local de la Villa de San Simón

En este documento se presenta de forma detallada el proceso de formulación y evaluación de proyectos, con el objetivo de crear una guía para la creación de proyectos municipales en la Villa de San Simón, buscando con ésta generar el desarrollo de la zona, y satisfacer las necesidades de los habitantes. para ello se ha elaborado una investigación exhaustiva, que comprende tanto una investigación de base teórica como de campo. el objetivo general de la investigación es la creación de una guía de formulación y evaluación de proyectos municipales para promover el desarrollo local. los proyectos de inversión municipal son muy importantes debido a que éstos permiten generar desarrollo para la población. en la Villa de San Simón este desarrollo se ve limitado debido a que la alcaldía no está realizando proyectos de inversión que se adecuan a las necesidades de los habitante

Increasing Trunk Mass Evokes Lower Extremity Biomechanical Plasticity during Stair Descent

International Journal of Exercise Science 16(1): 942-953, 2023. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of simulated changes in body mass on lower extremity joint work and relative joint contributions during stair descent. Ten healthy recreationally active college-age participants performed five stair descent trials in each of five loading conditions: no added load and with an additional 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% of their body weight. Three-dimensional ankle, knee and hip joint powers were calculated using a six degree-of-freedom model in Visual3D (C-Motion Inc., Germantown, MD, USA). Sagittal plane joint work was calculated as the joint power curve integrated with respect to time during the period between initial contact and toe off. Prism 9.0 (GraphPad Inc., San Diego, CA) was used to perform univariate 1 x 5 repeated measures analyses of variance to determine the effect of added mass on absolute and relative joint work values for total and for each lower extremity joint independently. Increasing added mass was associated with greater total lower extremity negative work during the stair descent task (p \u3c 0.001). At the ankle, increasing added mass was associated with increasing magnitudes of negative joint work. Increasing added mass was associated with greater relative contributions of the ankle and reduced knee contributions to total negative lower extremity joint work (p = 0.014 and p = 0.006). The current findings demonstrated increases in ankle joint contributions to total lower extremity work while knee joint contributions to total lower extremity work were reduced in response to increasing added mass