219 research outputs found
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Green Carbon, Black Trade: Illegal Logging, Tax Fraud and Laundering in the World's Tropical Forests
This report â Green Carbon, Black Trade â by UNEP and INTERPOL focuses on illegal logging and its impacts on the lives and livelihoods of often some of the poorest people in the world set aside the environmental damage. It underlines how criminals are combining old fashioned methods such as bribes with high tech methods such as computer hacking of government web sites to obtain transportation and other permits. The report spotlights the increasingly sophisticated tactics being deployed to launder illegal logs through a web of palm oil plantations, road networks and saw mills
Renar och vindkraft II
Utbyggnaden av vindkraft inom renskötselomrÄdet har ökat markant det senaste decenniet, trots att kunskapen om pÄverkan av vindkraftsetableringar Ànnu inte Àr fullt utredd och dokumenterad. I den hÀr rapporten beskriver vi framförallt hur vindkraftparker i driftsfas pÄverkar renarna och renskötseln i tre olika omrÄden. I MalÄ sameby har vi studerat kalvningsomrÄdet kring Storliden och Jokkmokkslidens vindkraftparker. I Vilhelmina Norra sameby har vi studerat vinterbetesomrÄdet kring Stor-Rotlidens vindkraftpark, samt LögdeÄlandets betesomrÄde med Gabrielsbergets vindkraftpark som anvÀnds av Byrkije reinbetesdistrikt frÄn Norge.
För att fÄ en helhetsbild av hur renarna anvÀnder sitt betesomrÄde Àr det viktigt att studera renarnas betes- och förflyttningsmönster lÄngsiktigt och över hela deras betesomrÄde och inte bara inom det lokala omrÄdet nÀra parken. Det Àr ocksÄ viktigt att ta hÀnsyn till att renarnas betesutnyttjande skiftar frÄn Är till Är och mellan olika Ärstider beroende pÄ vÀderlek och andra yttre förutsÀttningar. Vi vill ocksÄ understryka vikten av att kombinera den traditionella kunskapen frÄn renskötarna med vedertagna vetenskapliga analysmetoder för att besvara de frÄgor som Àr viktiga för att kunna bedriva en hÄllbar renskötsel.
Vi har undersökt renarnas anvÀndning av omrÄdena genom att utföra spillningsinventeringar under Ären 2009-2015 (endast i MalÄ sameby), och genom att följa renar utrustade med GPS-halsband under Ären 2005-2015. Datat Àr insamlat före och under byggfas och under driftsfas (för Gabrielsberget finns GPS-data endast för driftsfasen). Vi har analyserat data genom att utveckla statistiska modeller för val av betesomrÄde för varje omrÄde dÀr vi har berÀknat hur renarna förhÄller sig till vindkraftparksomrÄdet före, under och efter byggnation, och pÄ Gabrielsberget nÀr parken varit avstÀngd under 40 dagar och under drift vid olika renskötselsituationer. Genom intervjuer, möten och samtal, samt information frÄn Gabrielsbergets vindkraftparks kontrollprogram, har vi tagit del av renskötarnas erfarenheter av hur renarnas beteende, och dÀrmed Àven renskötseln, pÄverkats av vindkraftsutbyggnaden i respektive omrÄde.
VÄra resultat visar att renarna bÄde pÄ kalvnings- och pÄ vinterbetesomrÄden pÄverkas negativt av vindkraftsetableringarna (Tabell a). Renarna undviker att beta i omrÄden dÀr de kan se och/eller höra vindkraftsverken och föredrar att vistas i omrÄden dÀr vindkraftverken Àr skymda. I kalvningsomrÄdet i MalÄ ökade anvÀndningen av skymda omrÄden med 60 % under driftsfas. I vinterbetesomrÄdet pÄ Gabrielsberget, nÀr renarna utfodrades i parken och kantbevakades intensivt för att stanna i parkomrÄdet under driftsfas, ökade anvÀndningen av skymda omrÄden med 13 % jÀmfört med nÀr de inte var utfodrade och fick ströva mer fritt. Resultaten visar ocksÄ att renarna minskar sin anvÀndning av omrÄdet nÀra vindkraftparkerna. I kalvningslandet i MalÄ minskar renarna sin anvÀndning av omrÄden inom 5 km frÄn parkerna med 16-20 %. Vintertid vid Gabrielsbergets vindkraftpark undvek renarna parken med 3 km. VÄra resultat visar Àven att renarnas betesro minskar inom en radie pÄ 4 km frÄn vindkraftparkerna under kalvningsperioden och tiden dÀrefter i jÀmförelse med perioden före byggfas.
Exakta avstÄnd som renarna pÄverkas beror pÄ förutsÀttningarna i respektive omrÄde, exempelvis hur topografin ser ut eller om omrÄdet Àr begrÀnsat av stÀngsel eller annan infrastruktur. FörÀndringarna i habitatutnyttjande i vÄra studieomrÄden blev tydligare nÀr parkerna var centralt belÀgna i renarnas betesomrÄde, som i kalvningsomrÄdet i MalÄ eller i vinterbeteslandet pÄ Gabrielsberget, medan det inte var lika tydliga effekter kring Stor-Rotlidens park, som ligger i utkanten av ett huvudbetesomrÄde.
Oftast Àr snöförhÄllandena bÀttre ur betessynpunkt högre upp i terrÀngen Àn nere i dalgÄngarna, pÄ grund av stabilare temperatur, vind som blÄser bort snötÀcket och mer variation i topografin. DÀrför kan etablering av vindkraftparker i höglÀnta omrÄden försÀmra möjligheten att anvÀnda sÄdana viktiga reservbetesomrÄden under vintrar med i övrigt dÄliga snöförhÄllanden, vilka blir allt vanligare i och med klimatförÀndringarna. VÄra resultat tyder inte direkt pÄ att renarna pÄverkats negativt under dÄliga betesvintrar men fler Är av studier behövs för att ytterligare klargöra hur vindkraft pÄverkar renarna under dessa vintrar.
VÄra studier har visat att etablering av vindkraft har konsekvenser för renskötseln under bÄde barmarkssÀsongen och under vintern, men effekterna förmodas fÄ störst inverkan inom vinterbetesomrÄdet dÀr det Àr svÄrt att hitta alternativa betesomrÄden för renarna. Under sommaren Àr betestillgÄngen oftast mindre begrÀnsad och renarna kan lÀttare hitta alternativa omrÄden. En direkt konsekvens av Gabrielsbergets vindkraftpark som Àr placerad mitt i ett vinterbetesomrÄde har blivit att renarna behöver tillskottsutfodras och bevakas intensivare för att de inte ska gÄ ut ur omrÄdet. NÀr den naturliga vandringen mellan olika betesomrÄden störs för att renarna undviker att vistas i ett omrÄde kan det leda till att den totala tillgÄngen till naturligt bete minskar och att man permanent mÄste tillskottsutfodra, alternativt minska antalet renar.
Annan infrastruktur som vÀgar och kraftledningar pÄverkar ocksÄ renarna. Vid Storliden och Jokkmokksliden och vid Stor-Rotliden dÀr data samlats in innan vindkraftparken uppfördes visar vÄra resultat att renarna undviker de omkringliggande landsvÀgarna redan innan parkerna etablerades. Vid Stor-Rotliden ökar dock renarna anvÀndningen av omrÄden nÀra vÀgarna efter att parken Àr byggd. PÄ Gabrielsberget, dÀr vi endast har data under drifttiden, Àr renarna nÀrmare vÀgarna (Àven stora vÀgar som E4) nÀr renskötarna minskar pÄ kantbevakningen för att inte hÄlla renarna nÀra parken. Detta ökar naturligtvis risken för trafikolyckor och innebÀr att renskötarna mÄste bevaka dessa omrÄden intensivare.
Sist i rapporten presenterar vi förslag till ÄtgÀrder som kan anvÀndas för att underlÀtta arbetet för renskötseln om det Àr sÄ att en vindkraftpark redan Àr byggd. NÄgra exempel pÄ ÄtgÀrder som Àr direkt kopplat till parken Àr att stÀnga av vÀgarna in i vindkraftparken för att förhindra nöjeskörning med skoter och bil under den tiden renarna vistas i omrÄdet samt tÀt dialog mellan vindkraftsbolag och sameby angÄende vintervÀghÄllningen av vÀgarna till och inom vindkraftparken. Andra mer regionala ÄtgÀrder för att förbÀttra förutsÀttningarna för renskötselarbetet pÄ andra platser för samebyn, kan vara att sÀtta stÀngsel lÀngst större vÀgar och jÀrnvÀgar (t.ex. E4:an eller stambanan) i kombination med strategiskt utplacerade ekodukter. Detta för att underlÀtta och ÄterstÀlla möjligheterna till renarnas fria strövning och renskötarnas flytt av renar mellan olika betesomrÄden
Sunglass tint does not impact the indoor catching performance of cricket fielders
IntroductionSunglasses are worn by outdoor athletes such as cricketers for many reasons, including comfort and glare reduction, which may help to improve vision. Anecdotally they are purported to have performance-enhancing benefits, but there is a lack of evidence for this. Further, it appears that fielders are the only position in cricket who wear sunglasses. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the catching performance of fielders when wearing three different colour sunglasses tints during an indoor, laboratory-based experiment.MethodsTwenty-one male cricketers currently playing for a university or amateur provincial teams in Makhanda, South Africa, who were non-habitual sunglass wearers, were recruited for this study. An optometrist administered pre-screening tests. Players had four testing sessions during which they wore a different colour tint at each session indoors (clear, blue, G30 (rose), and red). Players were required to catch 18 balls projected from a bowling machine. The number of balls caught, as well as the quality of the catch, was recorded. At the final session, they were asked which tint they thought was best.ResultsPre-screening tests showed that the red lens was best for contrast sensitivity and stereopsis. During data collection, sunglass tint did not affect catching performance. The players perceived the red lens as the worst and the G30 as the best.DiscussionIt can be concluded that catching performance indoors is not affected by tint colour
Behaviour of Solitary Adult Scandinavian Brown Bears (Ursus arctos) when Approached by Humans on Foot
Successful management has brought the Scandinavian brown bear (Ursus arctos L.) back from the brink of extinction, but as the population grows and expands the probability of bear-human encounters increases. More people express concerns about spending time in the forest, because of the possibility of encountering bears, and acceptance for the bear is decreasing. In this context, reliable information about the bear's normal behaviour during bear-human encounters is important. Here we describe the behaviour of brown bears when encountering humans on foot. During 2006â2009, we approached 30 adult (21 females, 9 males) GPS-collared bears 169 times during midday, using 1-minute positioning before, during and after the approach. Observer movements were registered with a handheld GPS. The approaches started 869±348 m from the bears, with the wind towards the bear when passing it at approximately 50 m. The bears were detected in 15% of the approaches, and none of the bears displayed any aggressive behaviour. Most bears (80%) left the initial site during the approach, going away from the observers, whereas some remained at the initial site after being approached (20%). Young bears left more often than older bears, possibly due to differences in experience, but the difference between ages decreased during the berry season compared to the pre-berry season. The flight initiation distance was longer for active bears (115±94 m) than passive bears (69±47 m), and was further affected by horizontal vegetation cover and the bear's age. Our findings show that bears try to avoid confrontations with humans on foot, and support the conclusions of earlier studies that the Scandinavian brown bear is normally not aggressive during encounters with humans
Back to basics in the marketing of place: the impact of litter upon place attitudes
YesAttempts to apply marketing theory and principles to place have become a legitimate area of academic and 'real world' practice. However, place marketing does not typically incorporate all elements of the traditional 7 Ps, focusing far too often on just one of these - promotion. Besides this rather myopic approach, place marketing suffers from an overly strategic view of the world that ignores the meaning and lived experience of places to individuals, especially residents. The purpose of this article is twofold - first, we investigate the impact of litter on place attitudes. Litter is a common, but negative, element of place, which is intimately connected to the lived experience of a place but typically far removed from the positive promotional activity favoured by place marketing efforts and the study thereof. In this sense, the article reframes place marketing from a strategic to a micro-marketing endeavour. We found that exposing respondents to litter significantly lowers their place attitudes. Our second contribution is to demonstrate the relevance of classic marketing research approaches, such as attitudinal measures, to investigate litter and its impact on place evaluations, through quasi-experimental design (with 662 respondents). Through this, we extend the range of theory and method applied in place marketing - away from controllable promotional endeavours investigated through case-studies to a more holistic and robust interpretation of place marketing, which has a measurable impact upon the places where people live and visit
Ergonomics observation: harvesting tasks at oil palm plantation
Objectives: Production agriculture is commonly associated with high prevalence of ergonomic injuries, particularly during intensive manual labor and during harvesting. This paper intends to briefly describe an overview of oil palm plantation management highlighting the ergonomics problem each of the breakdown task analysis. Methods: Although cross-sectional field visits were conducted in the current study, insight into past and present occupational safety and health concerns particularly regarding the ergonomics of oil palm plantations was further exploited. Besides discussion, video recordings were extensively used for ergonomics analysis. Results: The unique commodity of oil palm plantations presents significantly different ergonomics risk factors for fresh fruit bunch (FFB) cutters during different stages of harvesting. Although the ergonomics risk factors remain the same for FFB collectors, the intensity of manual lifting increases significantly with the age of the oil palm trees-weight of FFB. Conclusions: There is urgent need to establish surveillance in order to determine the current prevalence of ergonomic injuries. Thereafter, ergonomics interventions that are holistic and comprehensive should be conducted and evaluated for their efficacy using approaches that are integrated, participatory and cost-effective
Use of Mangroves by Lemurs
Despite an increasing recognition of the ecosystem services provided by mangroves, we know little about their role in maintaining terrestrial biodiversity, including primates. Madagascarâs lemurs are a top global conservation priority with 94 % of species threatened with extinction, but records of their occurrence in mangroves are scarce. I used a mixed-methods approach to collect published and unpublished observations of lemurs in mangroves: I carried out a systematic literature search, and supplemented this with a targeted information request to 1243 researchers, conservation and tourism professionals and others who may have visited mangroves in Madagascar. I found references to, or observations of, at least 23 species in five families using mangroves, representing more than 20 % of lemur species and over 50 % of species whose distributions include mangrove areas. Lemurs used mangroves for foraging, sleeping and travelling between terrestrial forest patches, and some were observed as much as 3 km from the nearest permanently dry land. However most records were anecdotal and thus tell us little about lemur ecology in this habitat. Mangroves are more widely used by lemurs than has previously been recognised, and merit greater attention from primate researchers and conservationists in Madagascar
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Reflecting on ICN2: Was it a game changer?
At the Second International Conference on Nutrition (ICN2), November 2014, 170 member states endorsed the Rome Declaration on Nutrition and a Framework for Action. The Rome Declaration committed to ending malnutrition in all its forms while the Framework for Action offered 60 voluntary actions to help achieve this. These documents and ICN2 itself had the potential to be a major step forward for public health nutrition, addressing issues associated with today's complex food system. This article reviews ICN2, its process, outputs and some of the gaps and weaknesses of the documents. ICN2's legacy can be interpreted in two ways-a missed opportunity or one of broad aspirations which have yet to translate into meaningful action. The paper considers whether ICN2 could have adopted a more ecological approach to diet and nutrition, linking health and sustainability. While this fits the evidence, it would require a strong commitment to coherence and food system change, almost certainly a firm stance on some food corporate power, and resolve to champion health at the heart of economic policy. This ambitious agenda would require specific multi-actor and multi-level action, together with metrics and mechanisms for accountability. Coherent government policies and actions to tackle all manifestations of inappropriate diet, and to reframe the economic forces which shape such diets are urgently required. To achieve this, the public health movement needs to work closely with civil society, yet ICN2 showed that there is some reluctance to energise that combination. As a result, ICN2 must be judged a missed opportunity, despite having useful aspirations
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