The architecture and ppGpp-dependent expression of the primary transcriptome of Salmonella Typhimurium during invasion gene expression

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Invasion of intestinal epithelial cells by <it>Salmonella enterica </it>serovar Typhimurium (<it>S</it>. Typhimurium) requires expression of the extracellular virulence gene expression programme (ST^EX), activation of which is dependent on the signalling molecule guanosine tetraphosphate (ppGpp). Recently, next-generation transcriptomics (RNA-seq) has revealed the unexpected complexity of bacterial transcriptomes and in this report we use differential RNA sequencing (dRNA-seq) to define the high-resolution transcriptomic architecture of wild-type <it>S</it>. Typhimurium and a ppGpp null strain under growth conditions which model ST^EX. In doing so we show that ppGpp plays a much wider role in regulating the <it>S</it>. Typhimurium ST^EXprimary transcriptome than previously recognised.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Here we report the precise mapping of transcriptional start sites (TSSs) for 78% of the <it>S</it>. Typhimurium open reading frames (ORFs). The TSS mapping enabled a genome-wide promoter analysis resulting in the prediction of 169 alternative sigma factor binding sites, and the prediction of the structure of 625 operons. We also report the discovery of 55 new candidate small RNAs (sRNAs) and 302 candidate antisense RNAs (asRNAs). We discovered 32 ppGpp-dependent alternative TSSs and determined the extent and level of ppGpp-dependent coding and non-coding transcription. We found that 34% and 20% of coding and non-coding RNA transcription respectively was ppGpp-dependent under these growth conditions, adding a further dimension to the role of this remarkable small regulatory molecule in enabling rapid adaptation to the infective environment.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The transcriptional architecture of <it>S</it>. Typhimurium and finer definition of the key role ppGpp plays in regulating <it>Salmonella </it>coding and non-coding transcription should promote the understanding of gene regulation in this important food borne pathogen and act as a resource for future research.</p

Jumlah Bakteri Staphylococcus Aureus Dan Skor California Mastitis Test (CMT) Pada Susu Kambing Peranakan Etawa Akibat Dipping Ekstrak Daun Babadotan (Ageratum Conyzoides L.)

The aim of this research is to determine the effect of teat dipping of Ettawa crossbred goat using babadotan leaves (Ageratum conyzoides Linn.) extract on the number of Staphylococcus aureusin milk. The udder inflammation degree also was determined using California Mastitis Test (CMT). The treatments were post milking teat dipping using antiseptic solutions containing 1%, 3%, and 5% of babadotan leaves extract (T1, T2 and T3, respectively). Milk samples were collected at before treatment (H0) and on the day 3, 6 and 9 day of the treatments (H3, H6 and H9, respectively). Commercially antiseptic povidone iodine was used as positive control (K+). Experimental research design was completely randomized design (CRD) split plot types, with the different extract concentration as the main plot and the day of treatment as subplot. CMT scores was analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis test. The results showed that babadotan leaves extract 5% had the same effectiveness (p&gt;0,05) with povidone iodine to reduce the number of Staphylococcus aureusin milk. All extract concentrations (1%, 3% and 5%) had the same effectiveness (H&gt;c0,05(3)) to decrease the CMT scores by postmilking teat dip treatments for 9 days

Host stress drives Salmonella recrudescence

Host stress is well known to result in flare-ups of many bacterial, viral and parasitic infections. The mechanism by which host stress is exploited to increase pathogen loads, is poorly understood. Here we show that Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Typhimurium employs a dedicated mechanism, driven by the scsA gene, to respond to the host stress hormone cortisol. Through this mechanism, cortisol increases Salmonella proliferation inside macrophages, resulting in increased intestinal infection loads in DBA/2J mice. ScsA directs overall Salmonella virulence gene expression under conditions that mimic the intramacrophagic environment of Salmonella, and stimulates the host cytoskeletal alterations that are required for increased Salmonella proliferation inside cortisol exposed macrophages. We thus provide evidence that in a stressed host, the complex interplay between a pathogen and its host endocrine and innate immune system increases intestinal pathogen loads to facilitate pathogen dispersal

Cellulose microfibrils as a pore former in electroless co-deposited anodes for solid oxide fuel cells.

A study was conducted to investigate the feasibility of Cellulose Microfibrils (CMF) as a pore former in the manufacture of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) anodes using Electroless Co-Deposition (ECD). Previous work into the use of ECD to produce SOFC anodes has found that the lack of porosity has restricted the maximum power density of the cell. Cellulose Microfibrils’ unique combination of properties and morphologies should produce the required microstructure for SOFC’s electrodes. Cellulose Microfibrils were evaluated as a pore former by their inclusion (using various bath loadings) in the production of ECD anodes. The anodes produced were then evaluated using a Scanning Electron Microscope, Mercury Porosimetry and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy. The results showed that an anode produced with a 10 g/l of a 1% solution of CMF as pore former, improved the open circuit voltage, maximum power density by reducing the overall resistance of the cell

Cellulose microfibrils as a pore former in electroless co-deposited anodes for solid oxide fuel cells.

A study was conducted to investigate the feasibility of Cellulose Microfibrils (CMF) as a pore former in the manufacture of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) anodes using Electroless Co-Deposition (ECD). Previous work into the use of ECD to produce SOFC anodes has found that the lack of porosity has restricted the maximum power density of the cell. Cellulose Microfibrils’ unique combination of properties and morphologies should produce the required microstructure for SOFC’s electrodes. Cellulose Microfibrils were evaluated as a pore former by their inclusion (using various bath loadings) in the production of ECD anodes. The anodes produced were then evaluated using a Scanning Electron Microscope, Mercury Porosimetry and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy. The results showed that an anode produced with a 10 g/l of a 1% solution of CMF as pore former, improved the open circuit voltage, maximum power density by reducing the overall resistance of the cell

Movement Demands of Elite U20 International Rugby Union Players

The purpose of this study was to quantify movement demands of elite international age grade (U20) rugby union players during competitive tournament match play. Forty elite professional players from an U20 international performance squad were monitored using 10 Hz global positioning systems (GPS) during 15 international tournament matches during the 2014/15 and 2015/16 seasons. Data on distances, velocities, accelerations, decelerations, high metabolic load (HML) distance and efforts, and number of sprints were derived. Data files from players who played over 60 min (n = 161) were separated firstly into Forwards and Backs, and more specifically into six positional groups; FR--Front Row (prop & hooker), SR--Second Row, BR--Back Row (Flankers & No.8), HB--Half Backs (scrum half & outside half), MF--Midfield (centres), B3--Back Three (wings & full back) for match analysis. Analysis revealed significant differences between forwards and backs positions. Backs scored higher on all variables measured with the exception of number of moderate accelerations, decelerations (no difference). The centres covered the greatest total distance with the front row covering the least (6.51 ± 0.71 vs 4.97 ± 0.75 km, p < 0.001). The front row also covered the least high speed running (HSR) distance compared to the back three (211.6 ± 112.7 vs 728.4 ± 150.2 m, p < 0.001) who covered the most HSR distance, affirming that backs cover greater distances but forwards have greater contact loads. These findings highlight for the first time differences in the movement characteristics of elite age grade rugby union players specific to positional roles

Electro-blown spinning: New insight into the effect of electric field and airflow hybridized forces on the production yield and characteristics of nanofiber membranes

Electro-blown spinning (EBS) is an emergent hybridized nanofibers formation technology. Recently, there has been a great interest in introducing this novel method for producing sub-micron, and nanofibers into several applications. For the first time, this comprehensive paper provides a detailed review for the EBS process, including working principle, operation parameters, nanofibers materials, setup modifications, and various applications. EBS is a hybridized nanofibers manufacturing process which combines between the solution-blown spinning (SBS) and electrospinning driving forces. The EBS process can produce outstanding spinning efficiency and superior nanofibers characteristics compared to the conventional spinning methods. Moreover, researchers have proved the efficient spinning capability of EBS with highly viscous polymers and its feasibility for large-scale production. Herein, we will show the potential of EBS to produce high-quality nanofibers and bring new insight into the process challenges and outcomes

Movement Demands of Elite Under-20s and Senior International Rugby Union Players

This study compared the movement demands of elite international Under-20 age grade (U20s) and senior international rugby union players during competitive tournament match play. Forty elite professional players from an U20 and 27 elite professional senior players from international performance squads were monitored using 10Hz global positioning systems (GPS) during 15 (U20s) and 8 (senior) international tournament matches during the 2014 and 2015 seasons. Data on distances, velocities, accelerations, decelerations, high metabolic load (HML) distance and efforts, and number of sprints were derived. Data files from players who played over 60 min (n = 258) were separated firstly into Forwards and Backs, and more specifically into six positional groups; FR–Front Row (prop & hooker), SR–Second Row, BR–Back Row (Flankers & No.8), HB–Half Backs (scrum half & outside half), MF–Midfield (centres), B3 –Back Three (wings & full back) for match analysis. Linear mixed models revealed significant differences between U20 and senior teams in both the forwards and backs. In the forwards the seniors covered greater HML distance (736.4 ± 280.3 vs 701.3 ± 198.7m, p = 0.01) and severe decelerations (2.38 ± 2.2 vs 2.28 ± 1.65, p = 0.05) compared to the U20s, but performed less relative HSR (3.1 ± 1.6 vs 3.2 ± 1.5, p < 0.01), moderate (19.4 ± 10.5 vs 23.6 ± 10.5, p = 0.01) and high accelerations (2.2 ± 1.9 vs 4.3 ± 2.7, p < 0.01) and sprint•min-1 (0.11 ± 0.06 vs 0.11 ± 0.05, p < 0.01). Senior backs covered a greater relative distance (73.3 ± 8.1 vs 69.1 ± 7.6 m•min-1, p < 0.01), greater High Metabolic Load (HML) distance (1138.0 ± 233.5 vs 1060.4 ± 218.1m, p < 0.01), HML efforts (112.7 ± 22.2 vs 98.8 ± 21.7, p < 0.01) and heavy decelerations (9.9 ± 4.3 vs 9.5 ± 4.4, p = 0.04) than the U20s backs. However, the U20s backs performed more relative HSR (7.3 ± 2.1 vs 7.2 ± 2.1, p <0.01) and sprint•min-1 (0.26 ± 0.07 vs 0.25 ± 0.07, p < 0.01). Further investigation highlighted differences between the 6 positional groups of the teams. The positional groups that differed the most on the variables measured were the FR and MF groups, with the U20s FR having higher outputs on HSR, moderate & high accelerations, moderate, high & severe decelerations, HML distance, HML efforts, and sprints•min-1. For the MF group the senior players produced greater values for relative distance covered, HSR, moderate decelerations, HML distance and sprint•min-1. The BR position group was most similar with the only differences seen on heavy accelerations (U20s higher) and moderate decelerations (seniors higher). Findings demonstrate that U20s internationals appear to be an adequate ‘stepping stone’ for preparing players for movement characteristics found senior International rugby, however, the current study highlight for the first time that certain positional groups may require more time to be able to match the movement demands required at a higher playing level than others. Conditioning staff must also bear in mind that the U20s players whilst maintaining or improving match movement capabilities may require to gain substantial mass in some positions to match their senior counterparts

An innovative approach for the passive cooling of batteries: An empirical investigation of copper deposition on polyurethane foam for the enhancement of phase change material

A proof-of-concept utilising Copper-Plated Polyurethane Foam (CPPF) and Phase Change Material (PCM) for passive thermal management of lithium-ion batteries is demonstrated in this study. The aim of this research is to assess the effectiveness of CPPF when utilised as a constituent substance in PCM/Foam composites. Six distinct configurations of PCM/Foam composites are presented in this work using 10-pore-per-inch foam. A total of four deposition foam samples were produced. Of these, three were created by gradually increasing the immersion time in an electroless copper plating solution. For the fourth sample, an electroless plating technique was utilised for 80 min, followed by an electroplating procedure to deposit an additional layer of copper. The evaluation entails examining each plated sample in comparison to a copper foam that is commercially available with a purity level of 99.99 %. The findings reveal that the electroless-plated specimens exhibit improved effectiveness after being subjected to a prolonged plating period of 80 min. The electroplated sample exhibited the greatest degree of effectiveness, as evidenced by a 64.4 % reduction in battery cell surface temperature(10.98 °C), which is almost identical to the 64.5 % decrease in temperature (11.03 °C) observed with commercial foam but coupled with 88.1 % decrease in mass. The results suggest that the CPPF-PCM composites offer effective passive cooling properties for batteries