Age-dependent changes in intuitive and deliberative cooperation

Cooperation is one of the most advantageous strategies to have evolved in small- and large-scale human societies, often considered essential to their success or survival. We investigated how cooperation and the mechanisms influencing it change across the lifespan, by assessing cooperative choices from adolescence to old age (12–79 years, N = 382) forcing participants to decide either intuitively or deliberatively through the use of randomised time constraints. As determinants of these choices, we considered participants’ level of altruism, their reciprocity expectations, their optimism, their desire to be socially accepted, and their attitude toward risk. We found that intuitive decision-making favours cooperation, but only from age 20 when a shift occurs: whereas in young adults, intuition favours cooperation, in adolescents it is reflection that favours cooperation. Participants’ decisions were shown to be rooted in their expectations about other people’s cooperative behaviour and influenced by individuals’ level of optimism about their own future, revealing that the journey to the cooperative humans we become is shaped by reciprocity expectations and individual predispositions

Auditory-induced body distortions in children and adults

Recent studies have shown that body-representations can be altered by dynamic changes in sound. In the so-called "auditory Pinocchio illusion" participants feel their finger to be longer when the action of pulling their finger is paired with a rising pitch. Here, we investigated whether preschool children - an age group in which multisensory body-representations are still fine-tuning - are also sensitive to this illusion. In two studies, sixty adult and sixty child participants heard sounds rising or falling in pitch while the experimenter concurrently pulled or pressed their index finger on a vertical (Experiment 1) or horizontal axis (Experiment 2). Results showed that the illusion was subjected to axis and age: both adults and children reported their finger to be longer in Experiment 1, but not in Experiment 2. However, while in adults the feeling of finger elongation corresponded to a recalibration of the fingertip's felt position upwards, this was not the case in children, who presented a dissociation between the feeling of finger elongation and the perceived fingertip position. Our results reveal that the 'auditory Pinocchio illusion' is constrained to the vertical dimension and suggest that multisensory interactions differently contribute to subjective feelings and sense of position depending on developmental stage.This work was supported by Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad of Spain Grants RYC-2014–15421 and PSI2016–79004-R (“MAGIC SHOES”; AEI/FEDER, UE) to A.T., and by 2018-ATE-0038 (“Mechanisms of sensory attenuation”), University of Milano-Bicocca to E.N

I see you sharing thus I share with you: indirect reciprocity in toddlers, but not infants

Abstract Human societies are organised around cooperative interactions, the origins and development of which have become a timely topic. In this study, we investigated the development of indirect reciprocity in 18–24-month-old toddlers, and infants aged 6 months, on a two-phase sharing task with non-familiar individuals. In the first phase, we observed whether infants and toddlers differentiated and manifested a preference toward an individual altruistically sharing or acting selfishly. In the second phase, infants and toddlers interacted with the same prosocial and antisocial individuals seen in the first phase, and we observed whether they were willing to share with one of the two. Indirect reciprocity was assessed as the match between the preferences for the prosocial individual in phase one, and the first-person sharing in the second phase. Evidence showed that toddlers, but not infants, indirectly reciprocated the prosocial individual, suggesting that understanding of such a complex behaviour as indirect reciprocity may require prolonged experience in order to emerge

Totopo no ar : radio e comunalidad em Oaxaca, México

Tese (doutorado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Ciências Sociais, Departamento de Antropologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Antropologia Social, 2013.Este trabalho apresenta uma pesquisa etnográfica sobre um meio de comunicação comunitário, a Rádio Totopo, conduzida por um grupo de atores sociais zapotecos (binnizá) que imprimiram sua marca distintiva nas atividades radiofonicas, em Juchitán de Zaragoza, Oaxaca, México. Estes atores estão inseridos em uma multiplicidade de relações que mantêm com diversas entidades, formando um amplo tecido de acordos e tensões. No trabalho cotidiano, a rádio apresenta sofisticadas formas de resistência que refletem as formas zapotecas de viver. Desta maneira, a lente que escolhi para abordar meu caso de estudo e, consequentemente, as formas de viver indígenas, cristalizadas nas práticas e discursos da rádio, foi a comunalidade, uma teoria nativa originada no estado de Oaxaca. A comunalidade, através dos seus elementos constitutivos, nos ajudará para compreender as transformações, as continuidades e as apropriações dos diversos princípios retores da vida zapoteca no local de estudo. Além disso, a comunalidade, como uma teoria nativa, nos abrirá perspectivas maiores para questionar outras dimensões implicadas diretamente no pensamento antropológico. ______________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACTThis work is based on an ethnographic research carried out on an example of communitary media, the Radio Totopo, led by a group of Zapotec (binnizá) social actors that imprinted their distinctive mark to radio broadcasting, in Juchitán de Zaragoza, Oaxaca, Mexico. These actors live a multiplicity of relationships with several entities making up a broad web of agreements and tensions. In their daily work, the radio presents sophisticated modes of resistance obviously embedded in the Zapotec way of life. In consequence, I chose comunalidad, a native theory from the state of Oaxaca, as my lens to approach the study subject, i.e. the indigenous ways of living, congealed in the practices and discourses I observed in the Radio. By means of its constitutive elements, la comunalidad will help to understand the transformations, continuities and appropriations of the many guiding principles of Zapotec life in the place I researched. Furthermore, la comunalidad, as a native theory, will open wider perspectives that will allow the cuestioning of other dimensions directly involved in anthropological practices. ______________________________________________________________________________ RESUMENEste trabajo se basa en una investigación etnográfica de un medio de comunicación comunitario, la Radio Totopo, conducida por un grupo de actores sociales zapotecos (binnizá) que imprimieron su huella distintiva al quehacer radiofónico, en Juchitán de Zaragoza, Oaxaca, México. Estos actores están insertos en una multiplicidad de relaciones que sostienen con diversas entidades, formando un amplio tejido de acuerdos y tensiones. En su trabajo cotidiano, la radio presenta sofisticadas formas de resistencia donde las maneras de vivir zapotecas saltan a la vista. Por ello, la lente que elegí para abordar mi caso de estudio y, por ende, a las formas de vivir indígenas, cristalizadas en las prácticas y discursos de la radio, fue la comunalidad, una teoría nativa originada en el estado de Oaxaca. La comunalidad, mediante sus elementos constitutivos, nos ayudará a comprender las transformaciones, las continuidades y las apropiaciones de los diversos principios rectores de la vida zapoteca en el local estudiado. Además, la comunalidad, como una teoría nativa, nos abrirá perspectivas mayores para cuestionar otras dimensiones implicadas directamente en el quehacer antropológico

Ecos de la Comunalidad en Oaxaca a inicios del siglo xxi

En este artículo se analiza cómo la comunalidad, como una categoría creada en la década de 1980 por dos intelectuales indígenas en el estado de Oaxaca (México), no se queda estática en el tiempo, sino que atraviesa generaciones emergiendo como eje rector de nuevos proyectos educativos y culturales. A través de dos ejemplos, la Universidad Autónoma Comunal de Oaxaca y el Campamento Audiovisual Itinerante, se muestra cómo la comunalidad ha sido retomada por nuevas voces, fomentado la sistematización propia y local del conocimiento y estableciendo relaciones diversas con entidades vinculadas al Estado.Este artigo analisa como a comunalidad, uma categoria criada na década de 1980 por dois intelectuais indígenas no estado de Oaxaca (México), não permanece estática no tempo, mas atravessa gerações aparecendo como eixo reitor de novos projetos educativos e culturais. Por meio de dois exemplos, a Universidade Autônoma Comunal de Oaxaca e o Acampamento Audiovisual Itinerante, se mostra como a comunalidad foi absorbida por novas vozes, tem promovido a sistematização própria de conhecimento local e o estabelecimento de relações diversas com entidades vinculadas ao Estado.This article discusses how comunalidad, a category created in the 1980s by two indigenous intellectuals in the state of Oaxaca (Mexico), does not remain static over time, but passes through generations and emerges as a guiding axis of new educational and cultural projects. By way of two examples, the Autonomous Communal University of Oaxaca and the Itinerant Audiovisual Camp, the article shows how comunalidad has been taken up by new voices, has promoted grassroot and local systematization of knowledge and helped to establish diverse relationships with State institutions

Primer registro de Didelphis albiventris Lund, 1841 (Didelphiomorphia: Didelphidae) como hospedador para adultos y ninfas de Amblyomma ovale Koch,1844 (Acari: Ixodidae) en Argentina

El objetivo de esta publicación es dar a conocer nuevos registros de una asociación parásito- hospedador entre garrapatas (Acari: Ixodidae) y el marsupial Didelphis albiventris (Didelphimorphia: Didelphidae), en Argentina. Los muestreos fueron realizados en la Estación Biológica de Corrientes (EBCo), perteneciente a la localidad de San Cayetano (Corrientes, Argentina). Las garrapatas colectadas sobre una hembra de D. albiventris fueron determinadas como una hembra y tres ninfas de Amblyomma ovale. Los autores informan la presencia de estados adultos e inmaduros de esta garrapata parasitando a este marsupial en la región Neotropical. El hallazgo presentado en este trabajo representa el primer registro de adultos y ninfas de A. ovale parasitando D. albiventris para ArgentinaThe aim of this work was to show new records of a parasite-host association between ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) and Didelphis albiventris (Didelphimorphia: Didelphidae) in Argentina. The samples were performed in Biological Station of Corrientes (EBCo), San Cayetano, Corrientes Province, Argentina. Ticks collected on a female of D. albiventris were determined as a female and three nymphs of Amblyomma ovale. These findingas represent the first record of immature and adults of A. ovale associated to D. albiventris in Argentina.Fil: Di Benedetto, Ingrid María Desireé. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Cs.exactas Naturales y Agrimensura. Departamento de Biologia. Laboratorio Biologia de Los Parasitos; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Santa Fe; ArgentinaFil: Nava, Santiago. Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Santa Fe. Estacion Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela; ArgentinaFil: Oscherov, Elena Beatriz. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Cs.exactas Naturales y Agrimensura. Departamento de Biologia. Laboratorio Biologia de Los Parasitos; Argentin

Residential housing in Hong Kong: an economic analysis of housing policies.

Leung Hoi Kwok.Thesis (M. PH.)--Chinese Universihy of Hong Kong.Bibliography: leaves i-xi

Observation of crystallization slowdown in supercooled para-hydrogen and ortho-deuterium quantum liquid mixtures

We report a quantitative experimental study of the crystallization kinetics of supercooled quantum liquid mixtures of para-hydrogen (pH$_2$) and ortho-deuterium (oD$_2$) by high spatial resolution Raman spectroscopy of liquid microjets. We show that in a wide range of compositions the crystallization rate of the isotopic mixtures is significantly reduced with respect to that of the pure substances. To clarify this behavior we have performed path-integral simulations of the non-equilibrium pH$_2$-oD$_2$ liquid mixtures, revealing that differences in quantum delocalization between the two isotopic species translate into different effective particle sizes. Our results provide first experimental evidence for crystallization slowdown of quantum origin, offering a benchmark for theoretical studies of quantum behavior in supercooled liquids.Comment: 6 pages, 3 figure