Community health assessment tutorial

Introduction to the tutorial -- How to use this tutorial -- Make view: create a survey -- Make view: check code -- Enter data -- Analysis: basics -- Analysis: creating statistics -- Analysis: Epi graph -- Analysis: Exporting files -- Analysis: Data management for maps -- Epi map -- Epi report -- Intermediate analysis -- Appendix A. Code sheet -- Appendix B. Parent school asthma pre-intervention survey -- Appendix C. Data entry surveys -- Appendix D. Skills reviews answer key -- Appendix E. Lesson 5 answer key -- Appendix F. Intermediate analysis answer key -- Appendix G. preparing data for use in the Epi Info tutorial -- Appendix H. Glossary -- Appendix I. Data sources -- References"Published October 2005.""The Epi Info Community Health Assessment Tutorial was produced by the collaborative efforts of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Assessment Initiative (AI), and the New York State Department of Health (NYSDOH)." - acknowledgementsMode of access: Internet as an Acrobat .pdf file (25.35 MB, 421 p.)Includes bibliographical references (p. 411)

India's JSY cash transfer program for maternal health: Who participates and who doesn't - a report from Ujjain district

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>India launched a national conditional cash transfer program, Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY), aimed at reducing maternal mortality by promoting institutional delivery in 2005. It provides a cash incentive to women who give birth in public health facilities. This paper studies the extent of program uptake, reasons for participation/non participation, factors associated with non uptake of the program, and the role played by a program volunteer, accredited social health activist (ASHA), among mothers in Ujjain district in Madhya Pradesh, India.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>A cross-sectional study was conducted from January to May 2011 among women giving birth in 30 villages in Ujjain district. A semi-structured questionnaire was administered to 418 women who delivered in 2009. Socio-demographic and pregnancy related characteristics, role of the ASHA during delivery, receipt of the incentive, and reasons for place of delivery were collected. Multinomial regression analysis was used to identify predictors for the outcome variables; program delivery, private facility delivery, or a home delivery.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The majority of deliveries (318/418; 76%) took place within the JSY program; 81% of all mothers below poverty line delivered in the program. Ninety percent of the women had prior knowledge of the program. Most program mothers reported receiving the cash incentive within two weeks of delivery. The ASHA's influence on the mother's decision on where to deliver appeared limited. Women who were uneducated, multiparious or lacked prior knowledge of the JSY program were significantly more likely to deliver at home.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>In this study, a large proportion of women delivered under the program. Most mothers reporting timely receipt of the cash transfer. Nevertheless, there is still a subset of mothers delivering at home, who do not or cannot access emergency obstetric care under the program and remain at risk of maternal death.</p

Design and descriptive results of the "Growth, Exercise and Nutrition Epidemiological Study In preSchoolers": The GENESIS Study

BACKGROUND: The Growth, Exercise and Nutrition Epidemiological Study in preSchoolers (GENESIS) attempts to evaluate the food and nutrient intakes, as well as growth and development of a representative sample of Greek toddlers and preschool children. In the current work the study design, data collection procedures and some preliminary data of the GENESIS study are presented. METHODS: From April 2003 to July 2004, 1218 males and 1156 females 1 to 5 years old, stratified by parental educational level (Census 1999), were examined from 105 nurseries in five counties. Approximately 300 demographic, lifestyle, physical activity, dietary, anthropometrical and DNA variables have been recorded from the study population (children and parents). RESULTS: Regarding anthropometrical indices, boys were found to be taller than girls at all ages (P < 0.05) and heavier only for the age period from 1 to 3 years old (P < 0.05). No significant differences were found between genders regarding the prevalence of at risk of overweight (16.5% to 18.6% for boys and 18.5 to 20.6 % for girls) and overweight (14.0% to 18.9% for boys and 12.6% to 20.0% for girls). Additionally, boys older than 2 years of age were found to have a higher energy intake compared to girls (P < 0.05). A similar tendency was observed regarding the mean dietary intake of fat, saturated fat, carbohydrates and protein with boys exhibiting a higher intake than girls in most age groups (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of overweight in the current preschool population is considerably high. Future but more extensive analyses of the GENESIS data will be able to reveal the interactions of the parameters leading to this phenomenon

Prevalence of obesity in preschool Greek children, in relation to parental characteristics and region of residence

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The aim of this retrospective cohort study was to record the prevalence of overweight and obesity in relation to parental education level, parental body mass index and region of residence, in preschool children in Greece.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>A total of 2374 children (1218 males and 1156 females) aged 1–5 years, stratified by parental educational level (Census 1999), were examined from 105 nurseries in five counties, from April 2003 to July 2004, Weight (kg) and height (cm) were obtained and BMI (kg/m²) was calculated. Both the US Centers for Disease Control (CDC) and the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) methods were used to classify each child as "normal", "at risk of overweight" and "overweight". Parental demographic characteristics, such as age and educational level and parental anthropometrical data, such as stature and body weight, were also recorded with the use of a specifically designed questionnaire.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The overall estimates of at risk of overweight and overweight using the CDC method was 31.9%, 10.6 percentage points higher than the IOTF estimate of 21.3% and this difference was significant (p < 0.001). Children with one obese parent had 91% greater odds for being overweight compared to those with no obese parent, while the likelihood for being overweight was 2.38 times greater for children with two obese parents in the multivariate model.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Both methods used to assess prevalence of obesity have demonstarted that a high percentage of the preschool children in our sample were overweight. Parental body mass index was also shown to be an obesity risk factor in very young children.</p

The politics of ageing: health consumers, markets and hegemonic challenge

In recent years ageing has travelled from the placid backwaters of politics into the mainstream of economic, social and cultural debate. What are the forces that have politicised ageing, creating a sustained opposition to the supply side hegemony of pharmaceuticals, medicine and state which has historically constructed, propagated and legitimised the understanding of ageing as decline in social worth? In addressing this question, the paper develops Gramsci's theory of hegemony to include the potentially disruptive demand side power of consumers and markets. It shows how in the case of ageing individuals acting in concert through the mechanisms of the market, and not institutionalised modes of opposition, may become the agents of hegemonic challenge through a combination of lifecourse choice and electoral leverage. In response, the hegemony is adapting through the promotion of professionally defined interpretations of ‘active ageing’ designed to retain hegemonic control. With the forces of hegemony and counter‐hegemony nicely balanced and fresh issues such as intergenerational justice constantly emerging, the political tensions of ageing are set to continue

MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report

"The Summary of Notifiable Diseases--United States, 2004 contains the official statistics, in tabular and graphic form, for the reported occurrence of nationally notifiable infectious diseases in the United States for 2004. Unless otherwise noted, the data are final totals for 2004 reported as of December 2, 2005. These statistics are collected and compiled from reports sent by state health departments to the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS), which is operated by CDC in collaboration with the Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists (CSTE). The Summary is available at http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/summary.html. This site also includes publications from previous years. The Highlights section presents noteworthy epidemiologic and prevention information for 2004 for selected diseases and additional information to aid in the interpretation of surveillance and disease-trend data. Part 1 contains tables showing incidence data for the nationally notifiable diseases during 2004. The tables provide the number of cases reported to CDC for 2004 nationwide as well as the distribution of cases by geographic location and the patient's demographic characteristics (age, sex, race, and ethnicity). Part 2 contains graphs and maps that depict summary data for certain notifiable diseases described in tabular form in Part 1. The Selected Reading section presents general and disease-specific references for notifiable infectious diseases. These references provide additional information on surveillance and epidemiologic concerns, diagnostic concerns, and disease-control activities." - p. 1Preface -- Background -- Infectious diseases designated as notifiable at the national level during 2004 -- Data sources -- Interpreting data -- Transition in NNDSS data collection and reporting -- Highlights -- Summaries of notifiable diseases in the United States, 2004 -- Graphs and maps for selected notifiable diseases in the United States, 2004 -- Selected readingprepared by Ruth Ann Jajosky, Patsy A. Hall, Deborah A. Adams , Felicia J. Dawkins , Pearl Sharp , Willie J. Anderson , J. Javier Aponte , Gerald F. Jones , David A. Nitschke , Carol A. Worsham , Nelson Adekoya, Timothy Doyle, National Center for Public Health Informatics, Coordinating Center for Health Information and Service, CDC.Selected reading: p. 71-79.1677557

MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report

"The Summary of Notifiable Diseases--United States, 2008 contains the official statistics, in tabular and graphic form, for the reported occurrence of nationally notifiable infectious diseases in the United States for 2008. Unless otherwise noted, the data are final totals for 2008 reported as of June 30, 2009. These statistics are collected and compiled from reports sent by state health departments and territories to the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS), which is operated by CDC in collaboration with the Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists (CSTE). The Summary is available at http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/summary.html. This site also includes publications from previous years. The Highlights section presents noteworthy epidemiologic and prevention information for 2008 for selected diseases and additional information to aid in the interpretation of surveillance and disease-trend data. Part 1 contains tables showing incidence data for the nationally notifiable infectious diseases during 2008. The tables provide the number of cases reported to CDC for 2008 and the distribution of cases by month, geographic location, and the patient's demographic characteristics (age, sex, race, and ethnicity). Part 2 contains graphs and maps that depict summary data for certain notifiable infectious diseases described in tabular form in Part 1. Part 3 contains tables that list the number of cases of notifiable diseases reported to CDC since 1977. This section also includes a table enumerating deaths associated with specified notifiable diseases reported to CDC's National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) during 2002-2006. The Selected Reading section presents general and disease-specific references for notifiable infectious diseases. These references provide additional information on surveillance and epidemiologic concerns, diagnostic concerns, and disease-control activities." - p. 2Preface -- Background -- Infectious diseases designated as notifiable at the national level during 2008 -- Data sources -- Interpreting data -- Transition in NNDSS data collection and reporting -- Methodology for identifying which nationally notifiable infectious diseases are reportable -- Revised international health regulations -- Highlights for 2008 -- Summaries of notifiable diseases in the United States, 2008 -- Graphs and maps for selected notifiable diseases in the United States, 2008 -- Historical summaries of notifiable diseases in the United States, 1977--2008 -- Selected readingprepared by Patsy A. Hall-Baker, Enrique Nieves, Jr., Ruth Ann Jajosky, Deborah A. Adams, Pearl Sharp, Willie J. Anderson, J. Javier Aponte, Aaron E. Aranas, Susan B. Katz, Michelle Mayes, Michael S. Wodajo, Diana H. Onweh, James Baillie, Meeyoung Park, Division of Notifiable Disease Surveillance (Proposed), the Office of Surveillance, Epidemiology and Laboratory Services (Proposed), CDC.Selected reading: p. 87-94