The quantity, quality, and daily distribution of protein supplementation in maximizing muscle hypertrophy induced by resistance training

Introduction and purpose: Resistance training (RT) combined with sufficient protein intake (PI) stimulates muscle hypertrophy. There are many factors determining the influence of PI on muscle hypertrophy. The aim of the study is to analyze the current state of knowledge on protein supplementation in the context of optimizing the effects of RT-induced muscles hypertrophy. Description of the state of knowledge: The quality of protein supplements is a factor that has a significant impact on the degree to which they increase MPS. Protein meals containing all EAAs will stimulate MPS most potently. The most important factor determining the effectiveness of protein supplementation is the amount of protein intake per day in relation to body weight. PI in amounts greater than ~1.6 g/kg b.w./day does not further increase the rate of  fat free mass gains induced by RE. Supplementing more protein at breakfast than at dinner is more effective in increasing muscle mass gain in response to RT. Summary: The quantity, quality and source of protien supplements, that are daily administered, are important factors contributing to the efectiveness of the supplementation. Distributing the doses of protein supplement throughout the day and consuming greater amount of protein for breakfast rather than dinner may also be beneficial in terms of augmenting muscle protein synthesis (MPS). Optimizing these conditions is conducive to achieving a positive net protein balance, which result in improving RT-induced muscle mass gain

Development of diagnosis and treatment in the iliotibial band syndrome

Introduction and objective: The iliotibial band (ITB) is a complex structure located in the lateral part of the thigh and consists of longitudinally arranged fascial connective tissue. The aim of this study is to analyze the current literature regarding etiology, epidemiology, diagnosis, and conservative treatment of iliotibial band syndrome (ITBS). Materials and methods: PubMed database were searched. The criteria for qualifying the article for the review were the following keywords: running, iliotibial band syndrome, knee injuries, conservative treatment, physical therapy modalities. 11 articles from 2017 to 2022 were analyzed. The searches included systematic reviews, meta-analyses, randomized controlled trials, and review articles. Description of the state of knowledge: Iliotibial band syndrome is the most common cause of lateral knee pain in runners and cyclists.  It is presumably caused by excessive tension in the iliotibial band. Excessive tension is the result of overuse disorder of the lateral knee. Key symptom of ITBS is sharp or burning pain in the region of the lateral femoral epicondyle.. Pain typically occurs during physical activity, after a reproducible time or distance of running. The diagnosis is achieved through taking clinical history and physical assessment. Summary: Treatment of ITBS is based on therapeutic exercise, manual therapy, neuromuscular re-education, modalities and  anti-inflammatory medications. Eliminating modifiable risk factors helps prevent ITBS from recurring

Clinimetric methods for evaluating patients with Parkinson's disease in the context of the latest treatment strategies

Background: Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disease involving the deposition of alpha-synuclein deposits in dopaminergic neurons of the black matter, resulting in a decrease in dopamine levels in the central nervous system and the development of motor and non-motor symptoms. Aim of the study: This study aims to identify clinimetric methods for evaluating patients with Parkinson's disease in the context of contemporary therapies. Material and methods: English-language scientific literature from 2012 - 2022 from databases such as PubMed, SCOPUS, Web of Science, Google Scholar was reviewed. Searches were conducted according to keywords: Parkinson's disease, clinical evaluation, and treatment methods. 69 items of literature were qualified for analysis. Results and conclusions: The diagnosis of Parkinson's disease is a diagnosis by exclusion, there are no available and inexpensive methods to diagnose the disease with certainty. The clinimetric assessment of the patient is therefore the basis not only for diagnosis but also for effective, tailored treatment. There are many assessment tools dedicated to patients with this disease entity, and these are the ones recommended for this process. Contemporary treatment methods, especially for those in whom the effectiveness of pharmacological treatment is unsatisfactory, include deep brain stimulation, enteral infusion of DuoDopa®, and subcutaneous infusion/injections of apomorphine. The inclusion of the techniques depends mainly on the assessed condition of the patient

Therapeutic effects of creatine supplementation in patients with type II diabetes

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) prevalence is disturbingly increasing all over the world. Clinicians and patients need new ways of improving T2DM therapy. Aim of this study: The aim of this study is to present the current scientific literature on the potential hypoglycemic effects of creatine in patients with type 2 diabetes. Material and methods: A systematic review of the scientific and medical literature from the PubMed and Google Scholar databases was carried out. This was achieved according to the keywords: type 2 diabetes and creatine supplementation. 25 items of literature were qualified for analysis. Results and conclusions: Creatine supplementation, when combined with physical activity, improves glycemic control in type 2 diabetic patients. Increased glucose transfer into muscle cells by type 4 glucose transporter (GLUT-4) translocation to the sarcolemma is one of the potential mechanisms explaining these hypoglycemic effects. Creatine has a big potential to become a nutritional therapy adjuvant for type 2 diabetes. However, in order to draw firm conclusions about the efficacy and safety of creatine as a diabetic intervention, larger, longer-term, controlled trials involving type 2 diabetes with variable disease severity and different pharmacological treatments are required

The immunomodulatory phenomenon of vitamin D in the pathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis

People living in areas with limited access to sunlight, do not produce enough vitamin D and are more likely to suffer from Multiple Sclerosis.Near the equator, where there is high exposure to the sun, the disease is almost non-existent. Aim of the study: The study aimto statistical data on the literature and presents the current state of Vitamin D deficiency as a risk factor in multiple sclerosis. Material and method: The method of study is descriptive epidemiological analysis. Information that has been used is derived from statistical data provided by the WHO. In searching for them on the WHO, PubMed website, Google Scholar, and SCOPUS. Results and conclusions: Vitamin D is a regulator of calcium and phosphorus levels and affects the development and proper functioning of the nervous system. Patients with Multiple sclerosis often have low serum vitamin D levels, which tend to decrease as the disease progresses. There are theories that a deficiency of this vitamin promotes autoimmune, inflammatory demyelination

Videothoracoscopic splanchnicectomy as a method of treatment of the chronic pain syndromes in pancreatic cancer and chronic pancreatitis

Background: Chronic pain is a serious problem occurring in patients suffering from pancreatic cancer or chronic pancreatitis. It often contributes to anorexia and significantly deteriorates the quality of life, including the possibility of shortening the survival of such patients. Thoracoscopic splanchnicectomy is a surgical procedure consisted of the excision of the major thoracic visceral nerve or its branches, which attend the transmission of pain stimuli from the abdominal viscera.  Aim of the study: The study aim is to indicate benefits of videothoracoscopic splanchnicectomy as a procedure performed in chronic pain management in patients suffering from pancreatic cancer and chronic pancreatitis.  Material and methods: The literature available in the databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar and polish scientific journals was reviewed, using the following keywords: videothoracoscopic splanchnicectomy, pancreatic cancer, chronic pancreatitis. Results and conclusions: Videothoracoscopic splanchnicectomy is a minimally invasive yet highly effective surgical procedure, which allows to avoid traumatizing procedures such as thoracotomy or laparotomy in patients suffering from a severe chronic pain associated with pancreatic cancer, chronic pancreatitis and other conditions. Moreover it contributes to a statistically significant decrease in pain intensity and considerably improves the quality of patients’ lives

mir-181A/B-1 controls thymic selection of treg cells and tunes their suppressive capacity

The interdependence of selective cues during development of regulatory T cells (Treg cells) in the thymus and their suppressive function remains incompletely understood. Here, we analyzed this interdependence by taking advantage of highly dynamic changes in expression of microRNA 181 family members miR-181a-1 and miR-181b-1 (miR-181a/b-1) during late T-cell development with very high levels of expression during thymocyte selection, followed by massive down-regulation in the periphery. Loss of miR-181a/b-1 resulted in inefficient de novo generation of Treg cells in the thymus but simultaneously permitted homeostatic expansion in the periphery in the absence of competition. Modulation of T-cell receptor (TCR) signal strength in vivo indicated that miR-181a/b-1 controlled Treg-cell formation via establishing adequate signaling thresholds. Unexpectedly, miR-181a/b-1–deficient Treg cells displayed elevated suppressive capacity in vivo, in line with elevated levels of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte–associated 4 (CTLA-4) protein, but not mRNA, in thymic and peripheral Treg cells. Therefore, we propose that intrathymic miR-181a/b-1 controls development of Treg cells and imposes a developmental legacy on their peripheral function

The preliminary issue in the overall administrative proceedings and judicial-administrative.

Celem niniejszej pracy magisterskiej jest kompleksowe ujęcie kwestii wstępnej w postępowaniu administracyjnym i sądowo-administracyjnym. Opracowanie składa się z czterech rozdziałów. W rozdziale pierwszym przedstawiono istotę, cele postępowania administracyjnego i sądowo-administracyjnego. Ponadto zwrócono uwagę na podstawowe zasady materialnoprawne oraz procesowe, które wiążą się z zagadnieniem wstępnym. Rozdział drugi dotyczy pojęcia kwestii prejudycjalnej. Przedmiotem rozważań jest wyjaśnienie znaczenia terminu zagadnienia wstępnego, analiza tego zagadnienia z punktu widzenia zasad konstytucyjnych oraz przedstawienie podobieństw i różnic pomiędzy kwestią prejudycjalną a współdziałaniem i innymi formami. Zwrócono również uwagę na odmienność rozumienia omawianego pojęcia w postępowaniu sądowo-administracyjnym. W kolejnych częściach pracy opisano konsekwencje wyłonienia się zagadnienia wstępnego dla postępowania toczącego się przed organem administracji publicznej i sądem administracyjnym. Przedmiotem ostatniego rozdziału jest prowizorium administracyjne, jako instytucja wyjątkowa, przewidziana w kodeksie postępowania administracyjnego.The aim of this thesis is a comprehensive presentation of the preliminary issue in administrative proceedings and judicial-administrative. The development consists of four chapters. The first section presents the essence, goals, administrative proceedings and judicial-administrative. In addition, attention was drawn to the basic principles of substantive and procedural, which are associated with a preliminary issue. The second chapter concerns the concept of the preliminary issue. The subject of the discussion is to clarify the meaning of the term a preliminary issue, analysis of this issue from the point of view of constitutional principles and to present the similarities and differences between the preliminary issue and cooperation, and other forms. Attention was also drawn to the diversity of understanding this concept in judicial-administrative proceedings. In the following parts of the thesis describes the consequences of the emergence of a preliminary issue for the proceedings before the public administration bodies and administrative courts. The subject of the last chapter of the interim administration, as a unique institution, provided for in the Code of Administrative Procedure