Wear resistance evaluation of palm fatty acid distillate using four-ball tribotester

Petroleum reserves are declining nowadays while ironically petroleum is a major source of pollution despite many uses. Researchers are in effort to find an alternative to replace petroleum as a lubricant. One of the best replace sources for petroleum is bio-oil. In this paper, a comparative study of friction and wear was carried out using a fourball tester. In this research, Palm Fatty Acid Distillate (PFAD) and Jatropha oil, two well-known oils from the vegetable family oils were compared with Hydraulic mineral oil and commercial mineral Engine oil. All investigated oils in this study are used in industries as lubricants. PFAD is a product from refined crude palm oil. It exists as a light brown solid at room temperature and Jatropa oil is produced from the seeds of the Jatropha cruces, a plant that grows in marginal lands. For the wear test, the experimental research condition was comparing four kind of oils with ASTM condition in which the load applied was 392N. The sliding speed was 1200rpm under the lubricant temperature of 75 degree Celsius. The experiment was run for 3600 seconds. The experimental results demonstrated that the PFAD and Jatropha oils exhibited better performance in term of friction and wear compared to Hydraulic and Engine mineral oils

Persentase Tutupan Karang di Pantai Ulee Kareung Kecamatan Simpang Mamplam Kabupaten Bireuen

Research on percentage of the coral cover in ulee kareung coastal waters of subdistrict of simpang mamplam district of bireuen has been done on August, 2016 with the purpose to find out the percentage of coral cover in Ulee Kareung coastal areas. Determinationof location of research using Sistematic Sampling Methods and monitoring the data of coral reef using LIT (Line Intersect Transect) Methods. The results showed that The coral reef condition in ulee kareung beach subdistrict of simpang mamplam district of bireuenhas average value 28,55% in shallow areas and 23,92% in deep areas and there were 19 genus of coral with the highest coral percentage arePorites13.40%.Based on the coral cover percentages in Ulee Kareng beach indicated as medium category.The result of this study are expected to be used as supporting data and used as a reference in consideration of maintainaceulee kareung beach subdistrict of simpang mamplam district of bireuenPenelitian tentang persentase tutupan karang di pantai Ulee Kareng Kecamatan Simpang Mamplam Kabupaten Bireuen telah selesai dilakukan pada bulan agustus 2016 yang bertujuan mengetahui persentase tutupan karang di kawasan Pantai Ulee Kareung. Penentuan lokasi penelitian menggunakan Metode Sistematic Sampling dan memonitoring data terumbu karang menggunakan Metode LIT (Line Intersect Transect). Hasil pengamatan menunjukkan bahwa kondisi rata - rata terumbu karang pada Pantai Ulee Kareung Kecamatan Simpang Mamplam Kabupaten Bireuen dikedalaman dangkal (shallow) sebanyak 28,55% dan kedalaman dalam (deep) sebanyak 23,92% serta terdapat 19 genus karang dengan persentase karang tertinggi yaitu genus Porites (13,40%). Berdasarkan hasil rata – rata persentase tutupan di pantai Ulee Kareung sebanyak 26,23% mengindikasikan bahwa persentase tutupan karang termasuk kategori sedang.Hasil penelitian ini diharapkan dapat dijadikan data pendukung serta digunakan sebagai acuan dalam pertimbangan menjaga kawasan pantai Ulee Kareung, Kecamatan Simpang Mamplam, Kabupaten Bireuen

Effect of breed of ewe and management system on lamb and wool production (progress report)

The number of lambs marketed per ewe per year has been shown in a number of studies to be the most important single factor in determining total productivity of the ewe flock. Crossbred ewes are reported to have higher reproductive performance and superior maternal characteristics. Combining ewe breeds that have specific desirable strengths should result in a more productive crossbred ewe. Three breeds were chosen for their respective breed strengths: the Dorset for its long breeding season and· milking ability, the Finn for its prolificacy, and the Targhee for its hardiness and wool quality. The combination used in this study resulted in ewes that are 1 /4 Finn-1 /4 Dorset x 1 /2 Targhee (FDT). This combination results in a white-faced ewe of moderate frame size with a medium quality fleece. This study was designed to evaluate lifetime productivity of the FDT ewe compared to the straightbred Targhee ewe under range and farm flock conditions found in South Dakota

Influence of normal load and temperature on tribological properties of jatropha oil

This research investigated tribological properties of Jatropha oil (vegetable oil)to find clean, new, and renewable lubricant source of industrial applications. The study was performed utilizing a fourball tribotester, CCD camera, scanning electron microscope (SEM)and viscometer. The experiment was conducted using different normal loads (300, 400, and 500 N) and temperatures (75, 95 and 105°C). The test was followed ASTM D4172 standard. The evaluation was focused on the viscosity, flash temperature parameter, coefficient of friction, wear scar diameter and worn surface observation. All results of Jatropha oil were compared with mineral hydraulic oil to evaluate the lubricity performance of Jatropha oil. The results indicated that the Jatropha had better anti-friction and anti-wear ability than hydraulic mineral oil under various temperature and loads. In conclusion, Jatropha oil has bright possibility to be produced as commercial industrial lubrican

Indoor air quality (IAQ) in educational institutions: a review on risks of poor IAQ, sampling strategies, and building-related health symptoms

Health and academic achievement of students from every level of education are affected by the provision of good Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) since the students spend more than 5 hours of a day in school on average. Hence, this paper discusses on issues related to IAQ studies in maintaining a healthy level in educational institution. The presence of indoor pollutants such as VOCs, CO2, and other hazardous elements were assessed in terms of its effects on students’ well-being and health. This paper also examines commonly reported health problems related to poor IAQ such as sick building syndrome (SBS) and asthma. Every measurements and consideration regarding IAQ provision comes with different techniques and strategies, which were highlighted regarding its relative importance and frequency of use by different researchers. The review suggested substitution of natural-based products for indoor cleaning agents and installation of air ventilation and purification systems for a more acceptable indoor air quality

A novel pathogenic mutation of the CYP27B1 gene in a patient with vitamin D-dependent rickets type 1: a case report

BACKGROUND: Rickets can occur due to Vitamin D deficiency or defects in its metabolism. Three rare genetic types of rickets with different alterations of genes have been reported, including: Vitamin D dependent rickets type 1, Vitamin D dependent rickets type 2 or also known as Vitamin D resistant rickets and 25 hydroxylase deficiency rickets. Vitamin D dependent rickets type 1 is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, and is caused by mutations in the CYP27B1 gene encoding the 1α-hydroxylase enzyme. We report here a new mutation in CYP27B1, which lead to Vitamin D dependent rickets type 1. CASE PRESENTATION: We report on a 13-month-old Arabic Saudi girl with Vitamin D dependent rickets type 1 presented with multiple fractures and classic features of rickets. A whole exome sequencing identified a novel pathogenic missense mutation (CYP27B1:Homozygous c.1510C > T(p.Q504X)) which results in a protein truncating alteration. Both parents are heterozygous carriers of the mutation. Based on data search in Human Gene Mutation Database, 63 CYP27B1 alterations were reported: only 28.6% are protein truncating (5 nonsense, 13 frameshift insertions/deletions, 0 gross deletions), while 61.9% are non-truncating (38 missense, 1 small in-frame insertions/deletion), and 9.5% are possible protein-truncating (5 splice, 1 regulatory). CONCLUSION: The deleterious effect of this alteration, which was the only mutation detected in the CYP27B1 common gene of Vitamin D dependent rickets type 1 in the proband, and its autosomal recessive inheritance fashion, both support a pathogenic nature of this mutation as the cause of Vitamin D dependent rickets type 1

SAFRA Star Enterprise / Fatin Nadia Mohd Nasir... [et al.]

Safra Star Enterprise is a company that is based on food & beverages . We will introduce our first product with an energy snack bar that will be named as JollyBar . This healthy snack will provide a nutritional facts to the consumers . We choose this healthy snack bar as our product because we could see their potential in the market as well as the other snack. Our jolly's Bar is named based on the meaning of the 'jolly' that is bring a meaning of happiness . This Jollybar contain a lot of nutrition level such as carbohydrate , protein and honey as natural sugar . The uniqueness of this scrumptious energy bar is we use honey as the source of our sweetener.We do not use sugarcane since it is too sweet and it is suitable to all range of ages. Moreover this energy bar are also suitable for those who are in a diet consumption tha(still want to have a sweet snack but it will not interfere their diet routine

Young People-Social Problem-Solving Skills: Development and Psychometric Properties

There is a lack of culturally suitable tools to measure social problem-solving skills among young people in Malaysia. Hence, this study was conducted to determine the reliability and validity of our newly invented 14-item Young People-Social Problem-Solving Skills (YP-SPSS) questionnaire. Cronbach’s alpha analysis shows that YP-SPSS has good reliability (α=0.7640), and the factor loadings for the fourteen items are above 0.5. Exploratory Factor Analysis suggests four factors: emotional awareness, insight into having problems, steps in solving problems, and analyzing the problems. The study shows that this questionnaire is statistically suitable to measure the social problem-solving of young people

The global, regional, and national burden of adult lip, oral, and pharyngeal cancer in 204 countries and territories:A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Importance Lip, oral, and pharyngeal cancers are important contributors to cancer burden worldwide, and a comprehensive evaluation of their burden globally, regionally, and nationally is crucial for effective policy planning.Objective To analyze the total and risk-attributable burden of lip and oral cavity cancer (LOC) and other pharyngeal cancer (OPC) for 204 countries and territories and by Socio-demographic Index (SDI) using 2019 Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors (GBD) Study estimates.Evidence Review The incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) due to LOC and OPC from 1990 to 2019 were estimated using GBD 2019 methods. The GBD 2019 comparative risk assessment framework was used to estimate the proportion of deaths and DALYs for LOC and OPC attributable to smoking, tobacco, and alcohol consumption in 2019.Findings In 2019, 370 000 (95% uncertainty interval [UI], 338 000-401 000) cases and 199 000 (95% UI, 181 000-217 000) deaths for LOC and 167 000 (95% UI, 153 000-180 000) cases and 114 000 (95% UI, 103 000-126 000) deaths for OPC were estimated to occur globally, contributing 5.5 million (95% UI, 5.0-6.0 million) and 3.2 million (95% UI, 2.9-3.6 million) DALYs, respectively. From 1990 to 2019, low-middle and low SDI regions consistently showed the highest age-standardized mortality rates due to LOC and OPC, while the high SDI strata exhibited age-standardized incidence rates decreasing for LOC and increasing for OPC. Globally in 2019, smoking had the greatest contribution to risk-attributable OPC deaths for both sexes (55.8% [95% UI, 49.2%-62.0%] of all OPC deaths in male individuals and 17.4% [95% UI, 13.8%-21.2%] of all OPC deaths in female individuals). Smoking and alcohol both contributed to substantial LOC deaths globally among male individuals (42.3% [95% UI, 35.2%-48.6%] and 40.2% [95% UI, 33.3%-46.8%] of all risk-attributable cancer deaths, respectively), while chewing tobacco contributed to the greatest attributable LOC deaths among female individuals (27.6% [95% UI, 21.5%-33.8%]), driven by high risk-attributable burden in South and Southeast Asia.Conclusions and Relevance In this systematic analysis, disparities in LOC and OPC burden existed across the SDI spectrum, and a considerable percentage of burden was attributable to tobacco and alcohol use. These estimates can contribute to an understanding of the distribution and disparities in LOC and OPC burden globally and support cancer control planning efforts

Characterization of greater middle eastern genetic variation for enhanced disease gene discovery

The Greater Middle East (GME) has been a central hub of human migration and population admixture. The tradition of consanguinity, variably practiced in the Persian Gulf region, North Africa, and Central Asia1-3, has resulted in an elevated burden of recessive disease4. Here we generated a whole-exome GME variome from 1,111 unrelated subjects. We detected substantial diversity and admixture in continental and subregional populations, corresponding to several ancient founder populations with little evidence of bottlenecks. Measured consanguinity rates were an order of magnitude above those in other sampled populations, and the GME population exhibited an increased burden of runs of homozygosity (ROHs) but showed no evidence for reduced burden of deleterious variation due to classically theorized ‘genetic purging’. Applying this database to unsolved recessive conditions in the GME population reduced the number of potential disease-causing variants by four- to sevenfold. These results show variegated genetic architecture in GME populations and support future human genetic discoveries in Mendelian and population genetics