The Rules of Understanding the Hadith in Regards to the Meaning of the Expression According to Imam Al-Shafi’i: An Applied Theoretical Hadith Study

The research dealt with the rules of understanding the hadith, considering what is conveyed by the meaning of its words, from the books of Imam Al-Shafi’i, following them, studying them, and their application. The study concluded that they are four rules related to hadith in terms of generality and specificity. They are: the hadith is general and is intended to be general, the hadith is general and is intended to be specific, the hadith is general and includes specificity or is the specificity is indicated by an external reference. The basis of a hadith, intended to be general, is that it is general unless evidence is present to indicate otherwise. The understanding of a general hadith is based on the specific hadith, and the consideration is in the generality of the wording not in its specific cause of legislation. The study showed Imam al-Shafi’i’s precedence in mentioning some of the rules, clarifying and explaining them, applying them, and giving examples of them despite the differences between them. The study revealed some of the origins on which the imam built those rules, and that he was expressing several terms related to this type of rules with a breadth of expression before the terminology of the latecomers settled on its intended meaning. The study also showed the abundance of hadith examples and applications in the books of Imam Shafi\u27

The key roles of salicylic acid and sulfur in plant salinity stress tolerance

The salinization of agriculture soils over the globe has become one of the most devastating stresses and is significantly limiting cultivated land area, and crop productivity and quality. It is very imperative to explore both salinity tolerance in plants and insights into approaches (and underlying mechanisms) for effectively controlling salinity impacts. To this end, the role of phytohormone salicylic acid (SA) and plant nutrient sulfur (S) in promoting salinity tolerance has been researched in isolated studies, and SA–S interaction results have been little discussed. Given this, taking into account recent literature on SA, S and soil salinity, this paper aimed to (i) overview of the major impacts of soil salinity on plant health; (ii) highlight the significance of SA and S in improving plant salinity tolerance; (iii) discuss the role and underlying mechanism of SA, S and their interaction in the modulation of plant growth and development under salinity stress; and also to (iv) appraise the discussed literature and enlighten the major prospects

Phytohormones-Assisted Management of Salinity Impacts in Plants

The salinity of soils has been significantly limiting crop production in most arid and semi-arid regions of the world. Plant hormones (phytohormones), small molecules with versatile roles in plants can be a sustainable approach for minimizing the major salinity-impacts in plants. Most phytohormones are reported to regulate various signaling cascades interrelated with plant development and stress-resilience and -coping mechanisms. In addition to regulating photosynthesis and related variables, phytohormones also modulate nutrient homeostasis, source-sink capacity, osmoregulation, and antioxidant defense systems in plants under abiotic stresses including soil salinity. Molecular studies have confirmed the coordination between phytohormones and signaling networks, which in turn also maintains ionic homeostasis and plant-salinity tolerance. This chapter aims to appraise the literature available on the role of 10 well-characterized stress response hormones (abscisic acid, ABA; ethylene; salicylic acid, SA; jasmonic acid, JA; and nitric oxide, NO) and also other growth-promoting hormones (such as auxins, gibberellins, GA; cytokinins, CKs; brassinosteroids, BRs; and strigolactones, SLs) in the management of salinity impacts in plants. The discussion outcomes may help in devising and furthering the strategies aimed at sustainably strengthening plant-salinity tolerance

Development and characterization of k-carrageenan platforms as periodontal intra-pocket films

Purpose: To prepare emulsion-based Intrapocket polymeric films for the treatment of periodontitis. Method: Films were fabricated by dehydration of an emulsion containing k-carrageenan (KC) in aqueous phase and Compritol® 888 ATO (Compritol® ) or Dimodan® UJ (DU® ) or different ratios of both. The resulting films were characterized by mechanical texture analyser to determine Young’s modulus and tensile strength. Glass transition temperature (Tg) of the films was evaluated by dynamic mechanical and thermal analyser while surface morphology was evaluated using scanning electron microscope. In-vitro drug release was conducted in pre-warmed phosphate buffer. Bacterial adherence was assessed after 24 h. Results: Young’s modulus was highest for KC films to which no lipid was added (5.33 ± 0.38 GPa) and decreased following lipid incorporation. Tg was highest in KC films (106.25 ± 4.53 ° C) but decreased upon addition of lipids. The surface of KC was smooth but roughness increased with increasing Compritol® load. Drug release from KC films was complete (99.80 ± 8.43 %) after 2 h; however, upon adding lipid, the release was extended 8 h and was affected by lipid type and ratio. Microbiologic assay demonstrated noticeable reduction in viable count compared to control and was affected by lipid type and ratio. The film formulated from a combination of DU® and Compritol® in a ratio of 80:20 was strong, flexible and reduced microbial adherence. Moreover, it showed a smooth surface and extended release for over 8 h. Conclusion: Intra-pocket films were prepared by drying emulsion-based films. Resulted films were strong, flexible, prolonged drug release over 8 h and could lower bacterial growth. The prepared film may offer efficient treatment in periodontitis patients

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Abstract Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries

Audiological profile in diabetic patients

AbstractBackground: The auditory system is a potential target of the damaging effect of diabetes mellitus.Objective: To assess the clinical impact of diabetes mellitus on hearing.Patients and Methods: This is a case control study in which we assess the hearing of 60 diabetic patients of bothtypes (type 1 and type 2 diabetes) regarding (age, gender, type, duration and control) of diabetes mellitus andcompare it with 60 normal (age and gender match) control group. Thorough history and full ENT examination donefor both diabetic patients and control group to exclude those with other causes of sensorineural hearing loss. Puretone audiometry were done for all patients and normal control group and (5cc) of blood were taken from diabeticpatients for assessment of HbA1c level.Results: This study shows that there is significant increase (p value <0.00004) of prevalence sensorineural hearingloss among diabetic patient compared with normal (age and gender match) control group. The sensorineural hearingloss was mostly for high frequency (P value at 4000Hz was ˂0.0001 which is significant), and the loss isproportionate with the duration of diabetes and is more in uncontrolled diabetes than controlled group(according totheir HbA1c level) and the P value was 0.0082 (significant). There is no significant effect of type of diabetesmellitus on hearing loss (P value was 0.4526 which is not significant).Conclusion: High frequency sensorineural hearing impairment is one of the complications of diabetes mellitus.Recommendation: regular hearing assessment being a part of follow up program of diabetic patients.Key word: Sensorineural hearing loss, Diabetes Mellitus, HbA1c