Archaeological Parks Planning for the Purpose of Developing Cultural Tourism in Different Communities: A Case Study in Ancient Area of Burnt City of Sistan

Today, cultural attractions in countries are popularizing the cultural tourism and can bring about new approaches in recognition, development, and stability for the countries. Archaeological Parks as a cultural tourist attraction is a new topic to exhibit the ancient ruins in the context of nature, environment, and their surrounding perspective. The current study with the assumption that the use of tools and attractions such as the archaeological parks are key factor in the development of tourism industry, particularly cultural tourism, is trying to focus on the investigation of archaeological park and offering proper programs for the establishment and construction of these parks.  Ancient civilization of Burnt City of Sistan in the South East of Iran owed its existence to Helmand River which was full of water and its Delta in the fourth and third millennium BC, and indicates the interaction between history and nature in this country over years. But, unfortunately, no proper plans have been provided to introduce this ancient civilization yet. Accordingly, the required data were collected by using analytical research method and applying attributional procedures and field measuring and the potentials of the environment, tourism, and its archaeological sites were analyzed. The results show that the natural- ancient perspective of Burnt City of Sistan according to the terrain features and its historical potentials as a precious cultural symbol can play a key role to develop cultural tourism in the region and to identify important aspects of the ancient civilization in southeastern plateau of Iran. The results of the research lead to solutions and a model to establish an archaeological park in order to achieve the objectives in the region

Archaeological Parks Planning for the Purpose of Developing Cultural Tourism in Different Communities: A Case Study in Ancient Area of Burnt City of Sistan

Today, cultural attractions in countries are popularizing the cultural tourism and can bring about new approaches in recognition, development, and stability for the countries. Archaeological Parks as a cultural tourist attraction is a new topic to exhibit the ancient ruins in the context of nature, environment, and their surrounding perspective. The current study with the assumption that the use of tools and attractions such as the archaeological parks are key factor in the development of tourism industry, particularly cultural tourism, is trying to focus on the investigation of archaeological park and offering proper programs for the establishment and construction of these parks.  Ancient civilization of Burnt City of Sistan in the South East of Iran owed its existence to Helmand River which was full of water and its Delta in the fourth and third millennium BC, and indicates the interaction between history and nature in this country over years. But, unfortunately, no proper plans have been provided to introduce this ancient civilization yet. Accordingly, the required data were collected by using analytical research method and applying attributional procedures and field measuring and the potentials of the environment, tourism, and its archaeological sites were analyzed. The results show that the natural- ancient perspective of Burnt City of Sistan according to the terrain features and its historical potentials as a precious cultural symbol can play a key role to develop cultural tourism in the region and to identify important aspects of the ancient civilization in southeastern plateau of Iran. The results of the research lead to solutions and a model to establish an archaeological park in order to achieve the objectives in the region

A Survey of Relationship Between Emotional Intelligence and Organizational Citizenship Behavior in Iran

This study examines the relationship of Emotional Intelligence (EI) with Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB). In that respect paper also presents the verification of the method. The population of research statistics includes the staffs and employees of Medical Science University, the number of research population is 225 and from the number 122 subjects are selected as the sample by using the method of simple random sampling. The diagnosis of relationship between EI and OCB is accomplished by multi- factors regression analysis. The result shows that there is strong statistical relation between EI and OCB. We also find that conscientiousness and altruism are the variables from OCB which have strong relation to EI.Key words: Emotional intelligence; Organizational citizenship behavior; Conscientiousness; Altruis

Petroleumskonsesjonspolitikk : en studie av årsakene til endringer i norsk og iransk konsesjonspolitikk

Sammendrag: Norge og den islamske republikken Iran har vært oljeproduserende land i 40 og 25 år. Den overordnede målsettingen hos norske og iranske myndigheter har vært sterk statlig kontroll i tildeling av petroleumskonsesjoner. Denne målsettingen har blitt påvirket av ulike faktorer opp gjennom årene Denne oppgaven var et forsøk på å avdekke årsakene til hvorfor Norge og Iran har valgt ulik petroleumskonsesjonspolitikk. I hvilken grad bestemmes endringer i konsesjonspolitikken av endringer i oljepriser, makteliteskifte og stormakters politiske påvirkning. Ved å studere det norske konsesjonstildelingsmønsteret fra 1965 og frem til i dag, kan en observere endringer i målsetting for petroleumsvirksomheten hos norske myndigheter. De to konsesjonsrundene som ble avholdt i Norge i 1965 og 1969, inneholdt liberale vilkår. Dette endret seg etter den andre konsesjonsrunden da det sterke ønsket om nasjonal styring og kontroll over petroleumsvirksomheten hos norske myndigheter ble mer synlig. Internasjonale selskaper ble oppfattet som bremseklosser for utvikling av norske oljeselskaper. Denne tendensen endret seg igjen fra midten av 1980-tallet til oppfatningen om at norske interesser var mer tjent med internasjonale oljeselskapers tilstedeværelse på norsk sokkel. Med opprettelsen av den islamske republikken etter revolusjonen i 1979, ble det nasjonale iranske oljeselskapet, NIOC (National Iranian Oil Company) underlagt oljedepartementet. NIOC overtok alle lete- og produksjonsprosjekter på iransk sokkel. All utenlandsk deltakelse på iransk sokkel ble bannlyst. Fra slutten av 1980-tallet endret den politiske situasjonen seg i landet. Som følge av hendelser i de 10 første årene etter revolusjonen, utviklet det seg en endring i myndighetenes syn på utenlandsk investering på iransk sokkel. Internasjonale oljeselskapers ekspertise og kapital ble svært etterspurt for gjenoppbygging og utvikling av oljefelt. Holdningsendringen hos iranske myndigheter viste seg ved introduksjonen av buy-backavtaler i begynnelsen av 1990-tallet. Svingninger i oljepriser har påvirket valg og utforming av den norske konsesjonspolitikken både i perioder med lave og med høye oljepriser. Den iranske konsesjonspolitikken ble ikke påvirket. Makteliteskifte som innbefatter skiftninger i sammensetningen av politiske maktorganer hadde størst betydning for valg og utforming av konsesjonspolitikk i Iran, og noe betydning for Norge. Stormakters politiske påvirkning har fremmet endringer i den iranske konsesjonspolitikken. I Norge har denne påvirkningen ikke ført til vesentlige endringer i konsesjonspolitikken. Det ble benyttet følgende teoribidrag: Bernard Mommers (2002) teori om betydningen av politikk i forvaltning av naturressurser, Robert Moravcsiks (1997)teoribidrag hvor han forsøker å reformulere liberalteori for å gjøre den mer egnet til å anvende i empiriske analyser, Claudio M. Radaellis arbeid hvor han argumentere for en buttom-up analyse av EUs påvirkning på medlemslandenes innenrikspolitiske system. Det ble også benyttet generelle økonomiske antakelser i forklaring av oljeprisers betydning for utforming av konsesjonspolitikk

Comparing the effect of a simulated action potential simulation and vibration in reducing neck and shoulder pain and disability in patients with trigger points in trapezius and levator scapulae muscles

Background: Trigger points in the posterior neck muscles are the outcomes of most common types of musculoskeletal disorders. This study aimed to compare the effects of action potential (AP) simulation and vibration in reducing neck and shoulder pain and disability in subjects with trigger points in the trapezius and levator scapulae muscles. Materials and Methods: In this single-blinded randomized controlled trial, 30 patients with trigger points in upper trapezius and levator scapula muscles were randomly assigned into two equal groups. In the vibration group, moderate pressure-low frequency vibration was used for 25 minutes and in the AP group, the simulated AP with an intensity of 1mA was applied for 16 minutes. Before and after the treatment, neck disability was assessed using neck disability index neck pain using visual analogue scale shoulder pain and disability using pain and disability index and the ROM using a goniometer. A 16-session therapeutic plan was performed for both groups. Results: Visual analogue scale was decreased from 7±2.07 to 2±1.13 in the vibration group and from 7.13±1.95 to 2.12±1.06 in the APS group neck disability index was decreased from 26.66±2.56 to 15.33±1.88 in the vibration group and from 26.06±1.83 to 15.06±1.94 in the APS group (P<0.0001). There was no significant difference between the two groups regarding the total variables of the study. Conclusion: In participants of the study, both vibration and simulated AP not only can decrease the pain and disability in neck and shoulder, but also increase the ROM in the neck

PREVALENCE OF RENAL ARTERY STENOSIS IN HYPERTENSIVE PATIENTS UNDERGOING CORONARY ANGIOGRAPHY

AbstractINTRODUCTION: Atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis (RAS) is an important cause ofsecondary hypertension as well as ischemic nephropathy. Little information is availableabout the incidence of RAS in hypertensive patients in the Iranian society. This study wasperformed to determine the prevalence of RAS and its related risk factors in hypertensivepatients.METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 122 hypertensive patients (80males and 42 females) aged 33-74 years (mean age: 54&plusmn;8.5 years), all of whomunderwent coronary angiography and selective renal angiography.RESULTS: According to angiographic data, 95 patients (77.9%) had coronary arterydisease (CAD) and 27 (22.1%) had normal coronary arteries. RAS was seen in 22 patients(23.1%) with CAD and hypertension, and in 4 patients (14.8%) with hypertension andnormal coronary arteries. Overall, 26 patients (21.3%) had RAS, which was classified assignificant (14.7%) and non-significant (6.6%). RAS significantly correlated to the femalegender (P=0.019), age (P=0.002), diabetes mellitus (P=0.025) and severity ofhypertension (P=0.006).CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of significant RAS among hypertensive patientsundergoing coronary angiography was 14.7%. Factors like old age, severe hypertension,diabetes mellitus and female gender were clinical predictors of RAS.Key Words: Hypertension, renal artery stenosis, coronary artery disease, coronaryartery angiography

Optimization, Characterization, and Investigation of Antibacterial Activity of Gold Nanoparticles Biosynthesized by Aqueous Extract of Seidlitzia rosmarinus

Background and Objectives: The advantages of biological methods are Low cost, non-toxicity, production of high purity nanoparticles, low time-consuming, and completeness reation time. In the present study, biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles using aqueous extract of Seidlitzia rosmarinus and thier antimicrobial activity, were investigated. Methods: In this study, after preparing the extract, 2 ml of it was added to 4 ml of HAuCl4.3H2O with concentration of 1mM, and the color of solution immediately changed to purple. The parameters affecting the synthesis of nanoparticles [such as pH of reaction medium, extract volume, concentration of gold (III) salt, temperature, and reaction time], were assessed and optimized using UV-vis spectrophotometry. A transmission electron microscope (TEM) was used to characterize the nanoparticles. The antibacterial activity of nanoparticles against four species of pathogenic bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella typhimurium), were assessed by agar well diffusion method. Results: Gold nanoparticles showed the maximum absorbance at 544 nm. It was found that the nanoparticles have spherical shape and their average size was 10-18 nm. Also, the results of antibacterial activities showed that the synthesizied nanoparticles had relatively high antibacterial activity. Conclusion: In the current study, the aqueous extract of Seidlitzia rosmarinus due to its seccondary components and antioxidant activity, has high potential in reduction of gold metal ions as well as synthesis and stabilization of gold nanoparticles, and these synthesized gold nanoparticles were also relatively high antibactrial activity