Feasibility study for the implementation of community-based breeding program for cashmere goats in Erdeneburen Sum (Village), Khovd Province, Western Mongolia

Aim of this survey was to reveal the feasibility to develop the Community (Village level) based breeding program in Khovd province. Erdeneburen sum was selected due to the most affected area with the degradation of pasture in this province (Report of Green Gold Project, 2015), where 34 goat herders were interviewed from 4 bags. According to the educational level of herders, the larger proportion of the respondents had lower secondary (56%) and higher level. The remaining 11.7% of them were finished the primary school. This result revealed that the herders were very knowledgeable, so that potential opportunity seen for the recording of goats by them. Total of 150; 50 bucks, 3 castrated males and 97 female goats were used for the baseline survey of quantitative and qualitative traits. In the studied flocks, the large proportions of goats were red (59%) and black (67%) , but white , grey and combination with other colours were few or 4, 4.7, 7.3% respectively, all observed goats had short coarse hairs and with short spiry horns. Sex and age strongly influenced (P<0.001) body weight, other linear body measurements and cashmere fineness. Chest girth has high correlation to cashmere yield and cashmere fineness. There was a strict seasonal mating with control and avoidance of inbreeding by keeping bucks in the same flock for 2 years and practiced the buying bucks from east and north regions. Therefore, the genetic structure of goats should be clarified at first, then appropriate breeding program need to be designed in this sum

Mongolian and Japanese Joint Conference on "Echinococcosis: diagnosis, treatment and prevention in Mongolia" June 4, 2009

The first Mongolian-Japanese Joint Conference on "Echinococcosis: diagnosis, treatment and prevention in Mongolia" was held in Ulaanbaatar on June 4th, 2009. It was the first chance for Mongolian experts (clinicians, pathologists, parasitologists, biologists, epidemiologists, veterinarians and others working on echinococcosis) joined together. Increase in the number of cystic echinococcosis (CE) cases year by year was stressed. CE in children may be more than adult cases. Alveolar echinococcosis was suspected chronic malignant hepatic tumors or abscesses. Main discussion was as to how to introduce modern diagnostic tools for pre-surgical diagnosis, how to establish the national system for the data base of echinococcosis with the establishment of a network system by experts from different areas. The importance of molecular identification of the parasites in domestic and wild animals was also stressed

Differentiation of mouse bone marrow derived stem cells toward microglia-like cells

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Microglia, the macrophages of the brain, have been implicated in the causes of neurodegenerative diseases and display a loss of function during aging. Throughout life, microglia are replenished by limited proliferation of resident microglial cells. Replenishment by bone marrow-derived progenitor cells is still under debate. In this context, we investigated the differentiation of mouse microglia from bone marrow (BM) stem cells. Furthermore, we looked at the effects of FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (Flt3L), astrocyte-conditioned medium (ACM) and GM-CSF on the differentiation to microglia-like cells.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>We assessed <it>in vitro-</it>derived microglia differentiation by marker expression (CD11b/CD45, F4/80), but also for the first time for functional performance (phagocytosis, oxidative burst) and <it>in situ </it>migration into living brain tissue. Integration, survival and migration were assessed in organotypic brain slices.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The cells differentiated from mouse BM show function, markers and morphology of primary microglia and migrate into living brain tissue. Flt3L displays a negative effect on differentiation while GM-CSF enhances differentiation.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>We conclude that <it>in vitro-</it>derived microglia are the phenotypic and functional equivalents to primary microglia and could be used in cell therapy.</p

Human Microglia Transplanted in Rat Focal Ischemia Brain Induce Neuroprotection and Behavioral Improvement

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Microglia are resident immunocompetent and phagocytic cells of central nervous system (CNS), which produce various cytokines and growth factors in response to injury and thereby regulate disease pathology. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of microglial transplantation on focal cerebral ischemia model in rat. METHODS: Transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in rats was induced by the intraluminal filament technique. HMO6 cells, human microglial cell line, were transplanted intravenously at 48 hours after MCAO. Functional tests were performed and the infarct volume was measured at 7 and 14 days after MCAO. Migration and cell survival of transplanted microglial cells and host glial reaction in the brain were studied by immunohistochemistry. Gene expression of neurotrophic factors, cytokines and chemokines in transplanted cells and host rat glial cells was determined by laser capture microdissection (LCM) and quantitative real time-PCR. RESULTS: HMO6 human microglial cells transplantation group demonstrated significant functional recovery compared with control group. At 7 and 14 days after MCAO, infarct volume was significantly reduced in the HMO group. In the HMO6 group, number of apoptotic cells was time-dependently reduced in the infarct core and penumbra. In addition, number of host rat microglia/macrophages and reactive astrocytes was significantly decreased at 7 and 14 days after MCAO in the penumbra. Gene expression of various neurotrophic factors (GDNF, BDNF, VEGF and BMP7) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL4 and IL5) was up-regulated in transplanted HMO6 cells of brain tissue compared with those in culture. The expression of GDNF and VEGF in astrocytes in penumbra was significantly up-regulated in the HMO6 group. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that transplantation of HMO6 human microglial cells reduces ischemic deficits and apoptotic events in stroke animals. The results were mediated by modulation of gliosis and neuroinflammation, and neuroprotection provided by neurotrophic factors of endogenous and transplanted cells-origin

Measuring routine childhood vaccination coverage in 204 countries and territories, 1980-2019 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2020, Release 1

Background Measuring routine childhood vaccination is crucial to inform global vaccine policies and programme implementation, and to track progress towards targets set by the Global Vaccine Action Plan (GVAP) and Immunization Agenda 2030. Robust estimates of routine vaccine coverage are needed to identify past successes and persistent vulnerabilities. Drawing from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2020, Release 1, we did a systematic analysis of global, regional, and national vaccine coverage trends using a statistical framework, by vaccine and over time. Methods For this analysis we collated 55 326 country-specific, cohort-specific, year-specific, vaccine-specific, and dosespecific observations of routine childhood vaccination coverage between 1980 and 2019. Using spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression, we produced location-specific and year-specific estimates of 11 routine childhood vaccine coverage indicators for 204 countries and territories from 1980 to 2019, adjusting for biases in countryreported data and reflecting reported stockouts and supply disruptions. We analysed global and regional trends in coverage and numbers of zero-dose children (defined as those who never received a diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis [DTP] vaccine dose), progress towards GVAP targets, and the relationship between vaccine coverage and sociodemographic development. Findings By 2019, global coverage of third-dose DTP (DTP3; 81.6% [95% uncertainty interval 80.4-82 .7]) more than doubled from levels estimated in 1980 (39.9% [37.5-42.1]), as did global coverage of the first-dose measles-containing vaccine (MCV1; from 38.5% [35.4-41.3] in 1980 to 83.6% [82.3-84.8] in 2019). Third- dose polio vaccine (Pol3) coverage also increased, from 42.6% (41.4-44.1) in 1980 to 79.8% (78.4-81.1) in 2019, and global coverage of newer vaccines increased rapidly between 2000 and 2019. The global number of zero-dose children fell by nearly 75% between 1980 and 2019, from 56.8 million (52.6-60. 9) to 14.5 million (13.4-15.9). However, over the past decade, global vaccine coverage broadly plateaued; 94 countries and territories recorded decreasing DTP3 coverage since 2010. Only 11 countries and territories were estimated to have reached the national GVAP target of at least 90% coverage for all assessed vaccines in 2019. Interpretation After achieving large gains in childhood vaccine coverage worldwide, in much of the world this progress was stalled or reversed from 2010 to 2019. These findings underscore the importance of revisiting routine immunisation strategies and programmatic approaches, recentring service delivery around equity and underserved populations. Strengthening vaccine data and monitoring systems is crucial to these pursuits, now and through to 2030, to ensure that all children have access to, and can benefit from, lifesaving vaccines. Copyright (C) 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.Peer reviewe

Some indicators of Galshar red goat\u27s cashmere quality

For the purpose of the studying soft wool quality of goat from Khentii aimag, Galshar soum were determined its percentage in all wool, length and diameter. Average amount of percentage of soft wool at shoulder blade and thigh were 48.68±0.53% (18.16-64.80%) and 85.84±0.55% (60.51-96.47%), length and diameter of soft wool in average and at shoulder blade and thigh 4.23±0.04 cm (2.87-5.87 cm), 4.24±0.04 cm (3.03-5.87 cm), 15.08±0.02μM (13.5-17.4μm) 15.04±0.03 mkm (13.5-17.3μm), 15.12±0.02μm (13.7-17.4μm) correspondly

Some indicators of productivity of Galshar red goat

The indigenous has reached 119.3 thousand heads in 2017 in Khentii province Galshar sum, an increase of 8.9 percent annually.&nbsp;The live weight of the spring for red goats of Galshar was the adult buck averages 48.5kg, young buck 28.07kg, adult doe 37.7kg, young doe 21.7kg, and&nbsp;spring weight is being increased until autumn, such as adult buck 29.3%, young buck 30.7%, adult doe 20.4%, young doe 47.7%. Cashmere yield of adult buck&nbsp;averages at 585.4g, 16.42mkm diameter, 4.54cm length, in the above sequence young buck 438.5; 15,84; 3.99;&nbsp;adult doe 492.2;&nbsp;16.33;&nbsp;4.52;&nbsp;young doe 411.4;&nbsp;15.66;&nbsp;3.86;&nbsp;Galshar red goat in&nbsp;slaughter rate is&nbsp;castrated adult male&nbsp;52.6%,&nbsp;adult doe 52.3%, dairy milk yield the period of calving 154.6g, and&nbsp;256.9 g of milk during peak dairy production and 13.9-17.4 milk of average lactation period. Галшарын улаан ямааны ашиг шимийн зарим үзүүлэлтүүд Хураангуй:&nbsp;Хэнтий аймгийн Галшар суманд үржүүлж буй нутгийн ямаа 2017 онд 119.3 мянган толгойд хүрсэн бөгөөд жилд дунджаар 8.9 хувиар өсчээ. Галшарын улаан ямааны бүдүүн ухны хаврын амьдын жин 48.5, борлон ухна 28.07, эм ямаа 37.7, охин борлон 21.7 кг ба хаврын жингээ намарт бүдүүн ухна 29.3%, борлон ухна 30.7%, бүдүүн эм ямаа 20.4 %, охин борлон 47.5% нэмэгдүүлдэг. Бүдүүн ухны ноолуурын гарц 585.4 г, голч 16.42 мкм, урт 4.54 см, дээрхи дараалаар борлон ухных 438.5; 15.84; 3.99; эм ямааных 492.2; 16.33; 4.52; охин борлонгийнх 411.4; 15.66; 3.86; байв. Галшарын улаан ямааны нядлагын гарц эр ямаанд 52.6%, эм ямаанд 52.3%, сүүний гарц төллөх үед 154.6 г, саалийн ид оргил үед 256.9 г сүү өгдөг ба саалийн хугацааны дунджаар 13.9-17.4 сүү ашигладаг. Түлхүүр үг: Галшар, ямаа, ноолуур, сүү, саал

Pvrrolizidine Alkaloid Containina Plants Used in Mongolian Traditional Medicine: Lappula Myosotis Moench.

Lappula myosotis Moench. (Boraginaceae) is a plant growing wide-spread in the Mongolian Aimags Khubsgul, Khangai, Khentei, Mongol dahurica, Altai and Alasha Gobi [1]. From this plant four pyrrolizidine alkloids were isolated and their structures determined using spectroscopical methods: lycopsamine, intermedine and their acetylderivatives. This plant is used in the Mongolian traditional medicine externally but on account of its high level of alkaloids (~ 0.2%) the usage of L. myosotis may be hazardous for humans