Assessing Insect Flight Behavior in the Laboratory: A Primer on Flight Mill Methodology and What Can Be Learned

Dispersal is a key component in the population ecology and dynamics of insects and remains one of the most difficult and intractable ecological processes to study in the field. As a consequence, many researchers have looked to laboratory methods for investigating the myriad factors that govern and impact an insect’s ability to move within its environment. A key tool in this effort since at least the early 1950s has been the insect flight mill. Nearly 260 studies have been published using flight mills covering 214 species in 61 families and 9 orders. This review explores the methodology and technology of tethered flight in insects using flight mills. The goal is to provide the reader with a historical context of the approach, an understanding of the available tools and technology, background on how best to apply these tools through a comparative lens, and to summarize the wide breadth of factors that have been explored to further our knowledge of insect flight behavior. Overall, it is hoped that the interested reader will understand the limits and benefits of flight mills and will know where to find the resources, and perhaps collaborators, to pursue this line of study

Gestión del presupuesto en la administración pública

Proyecto de graduación (Licenciatura en Administración de Empresas. Énfasis en Finanzas) Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica, Escuela de Administración de Empresas, 2013.El gasto público constituye uno de los cuatro componentes de la demanda total de producción interior, junto con el gasto de consumo de los hogares, el gasto de inversión de las empresas y los hogares, además la demanda exterior de exportaciones netas. El gasto público no incluye las transferencias a terceros como es el caso de las pensiones para evitar la doble contabilidad (Dornbusch, Fischer, & Startz, 2002). Según datos del Banco Central de Costa Rica, el gasto de consumo final del gobierno general representó el 8% del PIB durante el año 2012, para un monto de ¢191.631,1 millones de colones utilizando como referencia el año 1991 (Banco Central de Costa Rica, 2013). Esto significa que el 8% del PIB costarricense se gasta utilizando una serie de principios, normas, procedimientos y técnicas que componen la gestión del presupuesto en la administración pública. El interés de este trabajo es estudiar la gestión de los presupuestos en la administración pública, que representan el 8% del PIB de la economía costarricense y es un tema de importancia directa para la teoría de la administración financiera en Costa Rica

La importancia de las redes sociales para el crecimiento organizacional y participativo en Ingenio Musical

La academia Ingenio Musical tiene como su principal objetivo: impactar primeramente a la comunidad del sector, a través de la musical y las distintas expresiones artísticas que le rodean, en ese sentido, se ha: planteado distintas estrategias para llegar a la comunidad local y aledaña, pero estás no han logrado resultados considerables, como lo son: el fortalecimiento estructural y organizacional que le permita establecerse como una entidad legalmente constituida, además de ello, alianzas con el sector público-privado que posibilite un crecimiento exponencial a corto y mediano plazo, lo cual, implica más acciones colectivas, participativas y el uso eficiente de las redes sociales de comunicación, que en un mundo globalizado, son fundamentales para mostrar lo que se hace al interior de la misma, que en este caso involucró: a la organización social-comunitaria, población sectorial y estudiante universitario, a través de la metodología investigación-acción participativa, en donde se realizaron observaciones, entrevistas y se puedo participar en talleres o conservatorios con los cuales se evidenció el poco uso de las redes sociales o su deficiente utilización como un medio para ampliar su enfoque o método de crecimiento organizacional.The Ingenio Musical academy has as its main objective: to first impact the community of the sector, through music and the different artistic expressions that surround it, in this sense, it has: proposed different strategies to reach the local and surrounding community , but these have not achieved considerable results, such as: structural and organizational strengthening that allows it to establish itself as a legally constituted entity, in addition to this, alliances with the public-private sector that enables exponential growth in the short and medium term, which implies more collective, participatory actions and the efficient use of social communication networks, which in a globalized world, are essential to show what is done within it, which in this case involved: the social organization -Community, sectorial population and university student, through the participatory research-action methodology, where observations, interviews were carried out and it was possible to participate in workshops or conservatories with which the little use of social networks or their deficient use was evidenced. as a means to broaden your focus or method of organizational growth

Effects of Bt Cotton on Thrips tabaci (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and Its Predator, Orius insidiosus (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae)

Laboratory studies were conducted to investigate tritrophic transfer of insecticidal Cry proteins from transgenic cotton to an herbivore and its predator, and to examine effects of these proteins on the predator's development, survival, and reproduction. Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab proteins from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) produced in Bollgard-II (BG-II, Event 15985) cotton plants were acquired by Thrips tabaci Lindeman (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), an important sucking pest of cotton, and its generalist predator, Orius insidiosus (Say) (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae). The average protein titers in BG-II cotton leaves were 1,256 and 43,637 ng Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab per gram fresh leaf tissue, respectively. At the second trophic level, larvae of T. tabaci reared on BG-II cotton for 48-96 h had 22.1 and 2.1% of the Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab levels expressed in leaves, respectively. At the third trophic level, O. insidiosus that fed on T. tabaci larvae had 4.4 and 0.3% of the Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab protein levels, respectively, expressed in BG-II plants. O. insidiosus survivorship, time of nymphal development, adult weight, preoviposition and postoviposition periods, fecundity, and adult longevity were not adversely affected owing to consumption of T. tabaci larvae that had fed on BG-II cotton compared with non-Bt cotton. Our results indicate that O. insidiosus, a common predator of T. tabaci, is not harmed by BG-II cotton when exposed to Bt proteins through its prey. Thus, O. insidiosus can continue to provide important biological control services in the cotton ecosystem when BG-II cotton is used to control primary lepidopteran pest

Gestión administrativa y calidad de servicio de Emapa San Martín S.A. - 2021

La investigación tuvo como objetivo determinar la relación entre la gestión administrativa con la calidad de servicio de Emapa San Martín S. A - 2021. La investigación fue tipo básica, diseño no experimental, transversal y descriptivo correlacional, cuya población fue de 30,575 usuarios y la muestra fue de 138. La técnica fue la encuesta y como instrumento el cuestionario. Los resultados determinaron que: Sí existe relación significativa entre la gestión administrativa con la calidad de servicio, ya que el coeficiente de Rho de Spearman fue de 0, 991 (correlación positiva muy alta) y un p valor igual a 0,000 (p-valor ≤ 0.01); y el 98.21 % de la gestión administrativa influye en la calidad de servicio. El nivel de gestión administrativa es regular 50 %, malo 30 % y bueno 20 %. El nivel de calidad de servicio es regular 50 %, malo 30 % y bueno 20 %. Si existe relación entre las dimensiones de la gestión administrativa y la calidad de servicio, ya que el coeficiente de Rho de Spearman fue de 0.970, 0.967, 0.931 y 0.991 (correlación positiva muy alta) y un p valor igual a 0,000 (p-valor ≤ 0.01) en todas las correlaciones

Compositional variations and magma mixing in the 1991 eruptions of Hudson volcano, Chile

The August 1991 eruptions of Hudson volcano produced ∼2.7 km3 (dense rock equivalent, DRE) of basaltic to trachyandesitic pyroclastic deposits, making it one of the largest historical eruptions in South America. Phase 1 of the eruption (P1, April 8) involved both lava flows and a phreatomagmatic eruption from a fissure located in the NW corner of the caldera. The paroxysmal phase (P2) began several days later (April 12) with a Plinian-style eruption from a different vent 4 km to the south-southeast. Tephra from the 1991 eruption ranges in composition from basalt (phase 1) to trachyandesite (phase 2), with a distinct gap between the two erupted phases from 54-60 wt% SiO2. A trend of decreasing SiO2 is evident from the earliest part of the phase 2 eruption (unit A, 63-65 wt% SiO2) to the end (unit D, 60-63 wt% SiO2). Melt inclusion data and textures suggest that mixing occurred in magmas from both eruptive phases. The basaltic and trachyandesitic magmas can be genetically related through both magma mixing and fractional crystallization processes. A combination of observed phase assemblages, inferred water content, crystallinity, and geothermometry estimates suggest pre-eruptive storage of the phase 2 trachyandesite at pressures between ∼50-100 megapascal (MPa) at 972 ± 6°C under water-saturated conditions (log fO2 -10.33 (±0.2)). It is proposed that rising P1 basaltic magma intersected the lower part of the P2 magma storage region between 2 and 3 km depth. Subsequent mixing between the two magmas preferentially hybridized the lower part of the chamber. Basaltic magma continued advancing towards the surface as a dyke to eventually be erupted in the northwestern part of the Hudson caldera. The presence of tachylite in the P1 products suggests that some of the magma was stalled close to the surface (<0.5 km) prior to eruption. Seismicity related to magma movement and the P1 eruption, combined with chamber overpressure associated with basalt injection, may have created a pathway to the surface for the trachyandesite magma and subsequent P2 eruption at a different vent 4 km to the south-southeast.Fil: Kratzmann, David J.. University of Rhode Island; Estados UnidosFil: Carey, Steven N.. University of Rhode Island; Estados UnidosFil: Scasso, Roberto Adrian. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Geociencias Básicas, Aplicadas y Ambientales de Buenos Aires. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Geociencias Básicas, Aplicadas y Ambientales de Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: Naranjo, Jose Antonio. Servicio Nacional de Geología y Minería; Chil

Using field-evolved resistance to Cry1F maize in a lepidopteran pest to demonstrate no adverse effects of Cry1F on one of its major predators

Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith) represents the first documented case of field-evolved resistance to a genetically engineered crop expressing an insecticidal protein from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). In this case it was Cry1F-expressing maize (Mycogen 2A517). The ladybird beetle, Coleomegilla maculata, is a common and abundant predator that suppresses pest populations in maize and many other cropping systems. Its larvae and adults are polyphagous, feeding on aphids, thrips, lepidopteran eggs and larvae, as well as plant tissues. Thus, C. maculata may be exposed to Bt proteins expressed in genetically engineered crops by several pathways. Using Cry1F-resistant S. frugiperda larvae as prey, we evaluated the potential impact of Cry1F-expressing maize on several fitness parameters of C. maculata over two generations. Using Cry1F resistant prey removed any potential prey-mediated effects. Duration of larval and pupal stages, adult weight and female fecundity of C. maculata were not different when they were fed resistant S. frugiperda larvae reared on either Bt or control maize leaves during both generations. ELISA and insect-sensitive bioassays showed C. maculata were exposed to bioactive Cry1F protein. The insecticidal protein had no effect on C. maculata larvae, even though larvae contained 20-32ng of Cry1F/g by fresh weight. Over all, our results demonstrated that the Cry1F protein did not affect important fitness parameters of one of S. frugiperda's major predators and that Cry1F protein did not accumulate but was strongly diluted when transferred during trophic interaction

Using field-evolved resistance to Cry1F maize in a lepidopteran pest to demonstrate no adverse effects of Cry1F on one of its major predators

Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith) represents the first documented case of field-evolved resistance to a genetically engineered crop expressing an insecticidal protein from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). In this case it was Cry1F-expressing maize (Mycogen 2A517). The ladybird beetle, Coleomegilla maculata, is a common and abundant predator that suppresses pest populations in maize and many other cropping systems. Its larvae and adults are polyphagous, feeding on aphids, thrips, lepidopteran eggs and larvae, as well as plant tissues. Thus, C. maculata may be exposed to Bt proteins expressed in genetically engineered crops by several pathways. Using Cry1F-resistant S. frugiperda larvae as prey, we evaluated the potential impact of Cry1F-expressing maize on several fitness parameters of C. maculata over two generations. Using Cry1F resistant prey removed any potential prey-mediated effects. Duration of larval and pupal stages, adult weight and female fecundity of C. maculata were not different when they were fed resistant S. frugiperda larvae reared on either Bt or control maize leaves during both generations. ELISA and insect-sensitive bioassays showed C. maculata were exposed to bioactive Cry1F protein. The insecticidal protein had no effect on C. maculata larvae, even though larvae contained 20–32 ng of Cry1F/g by fresh weight. Over all, our results demonstrated that the Cry1F protein did not affect important fitness parameters of one of S. frugiperda’s major predators and that Cry1F protein did not accumulate but was strongly diluted when transferred during trophic interactions

A γ-secretase inhibitor, but not a γ-secretase modulator, induced defects in BDNF axonal trafficking and signaling: evidence for a role for APP.

Clues to Alzheimer disease (AD) pathogenesis come from a variety of different sources including studies of clinical and neuropathological features, biomarkers, genomics and animal and cellular models. An important role for amyloid precursor protein (APP) and its processing has emerged and considerable interest has been directed at the hypothesis that Aβ peptides induce changes central to pathogenesis. Accordingly, molecules that reduce the levels of Aβ peptides have been discovered such as γ-secretase inhibitors (GSIs) and modulators (GSMs). GSIs and GSMs reduce Aβ levels through very different mechanisms. However, GSIs, but not GSMs, markedly increase the levels of APP CTFs that are increasingly viewed as disrupting neuronal function. Here, we evaluated the effects of GSIs and GSMs on a number of neuronal phenotypes possibly relevant to their use in treatment of AD. We report that GSI disrupted retrograde axonal trafficking of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), suppressed BDNF-induced downstream signaling pathways and induced changes in the distribution within neuronal processes of mitochondria and synaptic vesicles. In contrast, treatment with a novel class of GSMs had no significant effect on these measures. Since knockdown of APP by specific siRNA prevented GSI-induced changes in BDNF axonal trafficking and signaling, we concluded that GSI effects on APP processing were responsible, at least in part, for BDNF trafficking and signaling deficits. Our findings argue that with respect to anti-amyloid treatments, even an APP-specific GSI may have deleterious effects and GSMs may serve as a better alternative

Travesía hacia el progreso : impactos de los procesos modernizadores en el paisaje y la sociedad del Valle del Cauca a partir del Plan Lilienthal

El objetivo principal de este trabajo consiste en estudiar las diferentes modificaciones en el ámbito ambiental, económico y social que produjo la implementación del Plan Lilienthal en el Valle del Cauca dentro del marco del plan pensado para la zona plana del Valle del Cauca en la segunda mitad del siglo XX, en el que la CVC figura como uno de sus principales catalizadores. Siguiendo esta línea nos vemos condicionados a embarcarnos en el marco de la dialéctica discursiva para poder dibujar mejor y de forma más precisa los términos histórico-ambientales en los que esta investigación está encaminada. Por esto se hace necesario el análisis del imaginario ambiental implícito en el Plan Lilienthal, en relación a los planteamientos concebidos para comprender cómo eran interpretadas por parte de sus principales interventores las necesidades de la región en materia social, económica y ambiental. Así podremos ver cómo el imaginario ambiental del momento define los parámetros de acción del plan mismo. Con el desarrollo y alcance de ese objetivo podremos determinar el impacto socio ambiental de los proyectos surgidos a partir del Plan Lilienthal para el Valle del Cauca y establecer los principales efectos generados dentro de la estructura económica (hidroeléctricas, industrialización y crecimiento económico, desecación de humedales y puesta en producción de los mismos, etc.).PregradoHISTORIADOR(A