Distinctive Structural and Molecular Features of Myelinated Inhibitory Axons in Human Neocortex.

Numerous types of inhibitory neurons sculpt the performance of human neocortical circuits, with each type exhibiting a constellation of subcellular phenotypic features in support of its specialized functions. Axonal myelination has been absent among the characteristics used to distinguish inhibitory neuron types; in fact, very little is known about myelinated inhibitory axons in human neocortex. Here, using array tomography to analyze samples of neurosurgically excised human neocortex, we show that inhibitory myelinated axons originate predominantly from parvalbumin-containing interneurons. Compared to myelinated excitatory axons, they have higher neurofilament and lower microtubule content, shorter nodes of Ranvier, and more myelin basic protein (MBP) in their myelin sheath. Furthermore, these inhibitory axons have more mitochondria, likely to sustain the high energy demands of parvalbumin interneurons, as well as more 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase (CNP), a protein enriched in the myelin cytoplasmic channels that are thought to facilitate the delivery of nutrients from ensheathing oligodendrocytes. Our results demonstrate that myelinated axons of parvalbumin inhibitory interneurons exhibit distinctive features that may support the specialized functions of this neuron type in human neocortical circuits

Murder reflected in robert galbraith’s the cuckoo’s calling (2013: A psychoanalytic approach

The major problem of this study is murder. It shows the desire to kill for the obsession of money. The approach used for this study is psychoanalytic approach. The objective of this study is to analyze this novel based on the Psychoanalytic Approach. The research employs qualitative research. The research uses two data sources: primary and secondary. The primary data source of the study is The Cuckoo’s Calling novel by Robert Galbraith. Secondary data are the supporting data taken from literary books, internet, and some articles related to the novel. The method of data collection is the researcher will employ the descriptive qualitative research. Using a psychoanalytic approach as the theoretical framework: First, based on the structural analysis, John Bristow delivers a message that unnatural obsession can cause effect to another people such as murder. Second, based on psychoanalytic analysis John wants to convey the psychological phenomena that is a type personality that leads to murderer

Prévalence du VIH chez la Femme Enceinte et Transmission Mère-Enfant du VIH à la Maternité de l’Hôpital Général de Douala, Cameroun

Nous rapportons ici une évaluation sommaire de nos activités de prévention transmission mère-enfant du VIH sur 6 ans (2002 à 2007). Il s’agissait d’une étude descriptive et rétrospective effectuée à l’Hôpital Général de Douala. Les enfants inclus étaient âgés d’au moins 18 mois. La technique d’ELISA GENSCREEN 3ème génération pour le VIH a été utilisée. Sur 5261 accouchements effectués pendant cette période, 138 étaient de mères VIH positifs (prévalence : 2,62%). Quatre de nos patientes étaient testées négatives au premier trimestre de gestation. Des 138 bébés, 87 seulement ont pu être testés (63%), dont 4 contaminés (prévalence de transmission : 4,6%). Des 4 enfants contaminés, un seul a reçu la prévention adéquate en grossesse, soit un taux de transmission sous prévention de 1,19%. Une meilleure organisation des stratégies de réduction de la transmission mèreenfant du VIH/SIDA, même dans un environnement à ressources limitées, peut conduire à des résultats similaires à ceux des pays du Nord. A la lumière de cette étude, nous recommandons fortement un deuxième test du VIH au 3ème rimestre de la grossesse afin de réduire davantage le risque de sa transmission périnatale.Mots Clés prévalence du VIH ; femme enceinte ; transmission mère-enfant du VI

Addressing the climate challenge

In 2021, colleagues from across the University of Birmingham community were invited to write articles about topics relevant to the COP26 climate change summit. In this series of articles, experts from across many different disciplines provide new insight and evidence on how we might all understand and tackle climate change

Tenun Doyo dan Sulam Tumpar: Seni Wastra Kutai Barat

Kerajinan adalah hasil karya seni anak bangsa yang tidak bisa dipisahkan dari keragaman budaya untuk dijaga dan dilestarikan. Tenun Doyo dan sulam tumpar adalah seni wastra dari Kabupaten Kutai Barat, Kalimantan Timur. Tenun doyo dibuat dari serat daun doyo serta ditenun dengan warna-warni cerah. Buku ini merupakan usaha pemerintah daerah serta pihak terkait seperti pemerhati wastra, penulis buku, Fashion designer, model, fotografer dan penerbit untuk memberikan informasi tentang sentra-sentra kreatif di Indonesia. Isi buku mengulas Tenun Doyo dan sulam tumpa mulai dari proses awal pembuatan benang, lembar-lembar tenun doyo dan kreasi sulam tumpar hingga hasil akhir berupa karya Fashion yang berwawasan ready to wear

Kebaya: Inspiration of Batik Semarang

Sebagai warisan budaya, proses membatik telah menjadi bagian dari kehidupan sekelompok orang yang menetap di pusat-pusat batik Indonesia. Sebut saja kota Solo, Yogyakarta, Lasem, Cirebon, Pekalongan, Madura, Garut, dan Riau. Sayangnya, meskipun banyak pengrajin batik berkiprah di kota Semarang, tapi nama batik Semarang tidak dikenal. Dalam buku ini, Sanggar Batik Semarang 16 mengenalkan dan mempopulerkan batik Semarang yang memiliki cirri khas berupa motif khas khasanah budaya Semarang. Para perancang busana yang tergabung dalam APPMI, yaitu Agustienna Siswanto, Christine Wibowo, Devy Rose, Elkana Gunawan Tanuwidjaja, Kesdik Tur Wiyono, Lily Yuwono, Pinky Hendarto, Rio by Rio, Soese Asmadhi, dan Tedjo Laksono. Mereka menciptakan koleksi kebaya yang bersanding selaras dengan keunikan batik Semarang.Kata kunci: batik, Semarang, kebay