Book reviews

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/48157/1/261_2005_Article_BF01887810.pd

Global prevalence and genotype distribution of hepatitis C virus infection in 2015 : A modelling study

Publisher Copyright: © 2017 Elsevier LtdBackground The 69th World Health Assembly approved the Global Health Sector Strategy to eliminate hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection by 2030, which can become a reality with the recent launch of direct acting antiviral therapies. Reliable disease burden estimates are required for national strategies. This analysis estimates the global prevalence of viraemic HCV at the end of 2015, an update of—and expansion on—the 2014 analysis, which reported 80 million (95% CI 64–103) viraemic infections in 2013. Methods We developed country-level disease burden models following a systematic review of HCV prevalence (number of studies, n=6754) and genotype (n=11 342) studies published after 2013. A Delphi process was used to gain country expert consensus and validate inputs. Published estimates alone were used for countries where expert panel meetings could not be scheduled. Global prevalence was estimated using regional averages for countries without data. Findings Models were built for 100 countries, 59 of which were approved by country experts, with the remaining 41 estimated using published data alone. The remaining countries had insufficient data to create a model. The global prevalence of viraemic HCV is estimated to be 1·0% (95% uncertainty interval 0·8–1·1) in 2015, corresponding to 71·1 million (62·5–79·4) viraemic infections. Genotypes 1 and 3 were the most common cause of infections (44% and 25%, respectively). Interpretation The global estimate of viraemic infections is lower than previous estimates, largely due to more recent (lower) prevalence estimates in Africa. Additionally, increased mortality due to liver-related causes and an ageing population may have contributed to a reduction in infections. Funding John C Martin Foundation.publishersversionPeer reviewe

Les juifs à Smyrne : de l’enfermement à l’ouverture vers le monde

Constituée plus tard que celles des autres cités de l'Empire ottoman, la communauté juive de Smyrne connaît une période de prospérité au xviie siècle, coïncidant avec le développement économique de la ville. D'abord installé près de la côte, le quartier juif se situe ensuite au centre de la cité, près du Konak ; au xixe siècle, il a un aspect misérable ; les habitants n'en sortent guère. Vers 1900, les juifs de Smyrne participent à nouveau à l'expansion économique du grand port égéen et sortent de leur isolement. L'incendie de septembre 1922, qui met fin à la guerre gréco-turque, bouleverse l'équilibre urbain. La transformation de l'État plurinational ottoman en un État-nation turc, les maladresses du gouvernement républicain, l'instauration d'un impôt frappant préférentiellement les non musulmans, la création de l'État d'Israël, provoquent une émigration massive des juifs de Smyrne. Ils sont aujourd'hui moins de 2 000.Set up later than those of the other cities of the Ottoman Empire, the Jewish community of Smyrna enjoyed a time of prosperity in the 17th century connected to the expanding commercial activity of the city. First located by the seaside, the Jewish quarter moved later to the center of the city, near the Konak. In the 19th century, it looked shabby; its inhabitants seldom went out of it. About 1900, the Jews of Smyrna take part in the economical expansion of the great Aegean port and give up their isolation. The fire of September 1922 which puts an end to the Greek-Turkish war changes drastically the equilibrium of the city. The transformation of the plurinational Ottoman Empire into a Turkish nation-state, the awkwardness of the republican government, a capital levy on non-Muslim citizens, the creation of the State of Israel, empty the city of its Jewish inhabitants. Today, their number is less than 2 000