38 research outputs found

    Polygala rarifolia DC., plante faux hĂŽte du Striga hermonthica (Del.) Benth

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    Objectif: L’objectif est d’étudier l’efficacitĂ© biologique de Polygala rarifolia sur les graines de Striga hermonthica et la nature des extraits racinaires afin d’identifier le mode d’action.MĂ©thodologie et rĂ©sultats: La mĂ©thodologie utilisĂ©e est celle de culture in vitro et de l’Analyse par chromatographie liquide Ă  haute pression (HPLC) des extraits racinaires du Polygala rarifolia et du niĂ©bĂ©. Les rĂ©sultats obtenus en culture in vitro confirment le mode d’action de plante faux hĂŽte. Dans les extraits racinaires de Polygala rarifolia et de niĂ©bĂ© on a repĂ©rĂ© la prĂ©sence de pics sur les chromatogrammes, des substances prĂ©sentant des temps de rĂ©tention trĂšs voisins de ceux du Strigol et de Sorgholactone mais dont les spectres UV trĂšs diffĂ©rents. Celui du niĂ©bĂ© (tr = 27,30 min) et de Polygala rarifolia (tr = 27,33 min) sont identiques donc constituent la mĂȘme substance chimique. Il a Ă©tĂ© possible d’affirmer que les extraits racinaires de Polygala rarifolia contiennent des substances voisines de celles du Strigol. Pour Ă©tablir que ce sont bien elles qui sont responsables de la germination des graines de Striga hermothica, il faudrait dĂ©sormais associer une Ă©tude phytochimique plus approfondie Ă  une Ă©tude d’activitĂ© et Ă©tablir la formule chimique de ces substances.Conclusion et application des rĂ©sultats: D’autres Ă©tudes complĂ©mentaires de l’activitĂ© biologique de Polygala rarifolia pourront se faire dans l’objectif de confirmer ou d’ajouter d’autres rĂ©sultats non identifiĂ©s ici. Tous ces rĂ©sultats forts intĂ©ressants pourront faire l’objet de mise en pratique sur le terrain par le biais de la prĂ© vulgarisation auprĂšs des paysans en tenant compte des conditions climatiques souvent dĂ©favorables.Mots ClĂ©s: Polygala rarifolia, Striga hermonthica, MaĂŻs, NiĂ©bĂ©, Faux hĂŽte, HPLCEnglish Title: Polygala rarifolia DC. trap crop of Striga hermonthica (Del.) BenthEnglish AbstractObjective: Local knowledge in weed management exists in Burkina Faso, especially Striga hermonthica. The study was interested in the use of the plant, Polygala rarifolia, to control Striga hermonthica in maize. The objective is to study the biological efficacy of Polygala rarifolia on Striga hermonthica seeds and the nature of root extracts in order to identify the mode of action.Methodology and results: The methodology used is that of in vitro culture and analysis by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) of the root extracts of Polygala rarifolia and cowpea. The results obtained in vitro culture confirm the mode of action of trap crop. In the root extracts of Polygala rarifolia and cowpea, the presence of peaks on the chromatograms, substances with retention times very close to those of Strigol and Sorgholactone but with very different UV spectra, was noted. That of cowpea (tr = 27.30 min) and Polygala rarifolia (tr = 27.33 min) are identical and therefore constitute the same chemical substance. It has been possible to say that the root extracts of Polygala rarifolia contain substances similar to those of Strigol. To  establish that they are responsible for the germination of the seeds of Striga hermothica, it would now be necessary to associate a more thorough phytochemical study with an activity study and establish the chemical formula of these substances.Conclusion and application of results: Further studies of the biological activity of Polygala rarifolia may be carried out with the objective of confirming or adding other unidentified results here. All these interesting results can be put into practice in the field through pre-extension to farmers taking into account the often unfavorable climatic conditions.Keywords:  Polygala rarifolia, Striga hermonthica, Maize, Cowpea, Trap crop, HPL

    Moteurs et conséquences de la resuspension dans un lac sahélien peu profond : le lac de Guiers au Sénégal

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    La dynamique des particules dans les systĂšmes aquatiques est rĂ©git par l’interaction entre la resuspension et la sĂ©dimentation. Cette Ă©tude est consacrĂ©e Ă  la dĂ©termination des processus responsables de la resuspension des particules dans le lac de Guiers situĂ© au nord du SĂ©nĂ©gal. Des Ă©chantillons ont Ă©tĂ© collectĂ©s au cours d’un cycle annuel au niveau de trois stations prises dans la partie centrale du lac. Dans ce site, la resuspension des particules est liĂ©e Ă  l’action des vents mais aussi Ă  la crue du fleuve SĂ©nĂ©gal. La resuspension sous l’effet des vents se produit pendant l’harmattan, alors qu’en pĂ©riode d’alizĂ©s maritimes, c’est la crue du fleuve SĂ©nĂ©gal qui est responsable de la remise en suspension des particules. Le taux de particule en suspension est plus important en pĂ©riode d’harmattan qui est marquĂ©e par des vitesses du vent plus Ă©levĂ©es (moyenne de 3,6 m.s-1 fluctuant entre 1 et 7 m.s-1), mais surtout par un fetch fort (24 km). Cette Ă©volution saisonniĂšre de la resuspension affecte la turbiditĂ© de l’eau, les taux de matiĂšre en suspension, la biomasse  phytoplanctonique, le coefficient d’attĂ©nuation lumineuse, le flux des particules et la structure de la colonne d’eau. La resuspension sous l’effet des vagues crĂ©Ă©es par le vent associĂ© au fetch Ă©levĂ© constitue dans ce systĂšme peu profond le principal processus contrĂŽlant la dynamique des particules.Mots clĂ©s : Vagues, crue du fleuve, resuspension, particule, turbiditĂ©, lac de Guiers

    Etude de la productivitĂ© et de la sensibilitĂ© de diverses variĂ©tĂ©s de tomate (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) Ă  la virose du jaunissement et de l’enroulement en cuillĂšre des feuilles au SĂ©nĂ©gal

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    AprĂšs l’oignon, la tomate est le plus important lĂ©gume au SĂ©nĂ©gal. Elle est trĂšs sensible au virus Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl (TYLCV). Quatorze variĂ©tĂ©s de tomate ont Ă©tĂ© testĂ©es pour Ă©valuer leur productivité et leur rĂ©sistance au TYLC Ă  diffĂ©rents stades phĂ©nologiques (floraison, fructification et maturitĂ©) dans un dispositif en blocs complets randomisĂ©s comptant trois rĂ©pĂ©titions. Les rĂ©sultats ont montrĂ© que le nombre de fruits/grappe a variĂ© entre les variĂ©tĂ©s. La masse unitaire des fruits Ă©tait plus Ă©levĂ©e pour Bybal, Roma VF et Lety F1. La longueur des fruits de Thoriya et Lety F1 Ă©tait plus importante. Roma VF et Bybal ont prĂ©sentĂ© les plus gros fruits. TY75 et Ponchita ont produit les rendements en fruits consommables les plus Ă©levĂ©s. Roma VF et Lety F1 ont produit les rendements non consommables les plus Ă©levĂ©s. Globalement, TY75 et Roma VF ont étĂ© plus productives. Une rĂ©sistance au virus a Ă©tĂ© observĂ©e chez douze variĂ©tĂ©s et une forte sensibilitĂ© chez deux autres (Roma VF et Xina). Ces rĂ©sultats pourraient intĂ©resser les sĂ©lectionneurs, les firmes semenciĂšres et les agriculteurs dans leur choix de variĂ©tĂ©s de tomate Ă  cultiver.Mots clĂ©s : Tomate, Lycopersicon esculentum, TYLCV, SĂ©nĂ©ga

    Localization of interacting electrons in quantum dot arrays driven by an ac-field

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    We investigate the dynamics of two interacting electrons moving in a one-dimensional array of quantum dots under the influence of an ac-field. We show that the system exhibits two distinct regimes of behavior, depending on the ratio of the strength of the driving field to the inter-electron Coulomb repulsion. When the ac-field dominates, an effect termed coherent destruction of tunneling occurs at certain frequencies, in which transport along the array is suppressed. In the other, weak-driving, regime we find the surprising result that the two electrons can bind into a single composite particle -- despite the strong Coulomb repulsion between them -- which can then be controlled by the ac-field in an analogous way. We show how calculation of the Floquet quasienergies of the system explains these results, and thus how ac-fields can be used to control the localization of interacting electron systems.Comment: 7 pages, 6 eps figures V2. Minor changes, this version to be published in Phys. Rev.

    Immunomagnetic microbeads for screening with flow cytometry and identification with nano-liquid chromatography mass spectrometry of ochratoxins in wheat and cereal

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    Multi-analyte binding assays for rapid screening of food contaminants require mass spectrometric identification of compound(s) in suspect samples. An optimal combination is obtained when the same bioreagents are used in both methods; moreover, miniaturisation is important because of the high costs of bioreagents. A concept is demonstrated using superparamagnetic microbeads coated with monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) in a novel direct inhibition flow cytometric immunoassay (FCIA) plus immunoaffinity isolation prior to identification by nano-liquid chromatography–quadrupole time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (nano-LC-Q-ToF-MS). As a model system, the mycotoxin ochratoxin A (OTA) and cross-reacting mycotoxin analogues were analysed in wheat and cereal samples, after a simple extraction, using the FCIA with anti-OTA Mabs. The limit of detection for OTA was 0.15 ng/g, which is far below the lowest maximum level of 3 ng/g established by the European Union. In the immunomagnetic isolation method, a 350-times-higher amount of beads was used to trap ochratoxins from sample extracts. Following a wash step, bound ochratoxins were dissociated from the Mabs using a small volume of acidified acetonitrile/water (2/8 v/v) prior to separation plus identification with nano-LC-Q-ToF-MS. In screened suspect naturally contaminated samples, OTA and its non-chlorinated analogue ochratoxin B were successfully identified by full scan accurate mass spectrometry as a proof of concept for identification of unknown but cross-reacting emerging mycotoxins. Due to the miniaturisation and bioaffinity isolation, this concept might be applicable for the use of other and more expensive bioreagents such as transport proteins and receptors for screening and identification of known and unknown (or masked) emerging food contaminants

    Track D Social Science, Human Rights and Political Science

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    Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/138414/1/jia218442.pd

    Can volatile organic metabolites be used to simultaneously assess microbial and mite contamination level in cereal grains and coffee beans?

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    A novel approach based on headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) combined with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC-ToFMS) was developed for the simultaneous screening of microbial and mite contamination level in cereals and coffee beans. The proposed approach emerges as a powerful tool for the rapid assessment of the microbial contamination level (ca. 70 min versus ca. 72 to 120 h for bacteria and fungi, respectively, using conventional plate counts), and mite contamination (ca. 70 min versus ca. 24 h). A full-factorial design was performed for optimization of the SPME experimental parameters. The methodology was applied to three types of rice (rough, brown, and white rice), oat, wheat, and green and roasted coffee beans. Simultaneously, microbiological analysis of the samples (total aerobic microorganisms, moulds, and yeasts) was performed by conventional plate counts. A set of 54 volatile markers was selected among all the compounds detected by GC×GC-ToFMS. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was applied in order to establish a relationship between potential volatile markers and the level of microbial contamination. Methylbenzene, 3-octanone, 2-nonanone, 2-methyl-3-pentanol, 1-octen-3-ol, and 2-hexanone were associated to samples with higher microbial contamination level, especially in rough rice. Moreover, oat exhibited a high GC peak area of 2-hydroxy-6-methylbenzaldehyde, a sexual and alarm pheromone for adult mites, which in the other matrices appeared as a trace component. The number of mites detected in oat grains was correlated to the GC peak area of the pheromone. The HS-SPME/GC×GC-ToFMS methodology can be regarded as the basis for the development of a rapid and versatile method that can be applied in industry to the simultaneous assessment the level of microbiological contamination and for detection of mites in cereals grains and coffee beans

    Croton hirtus: A new weed from Senegal, West Africa

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    Ce travail s’est fixĂ© comme objectif de contribuer Ă  la connaissance d’une nouvelle plante adventice du genre Croton, de la famille des Euphorbiaceae pour la flore du SĂ©nĂ©gal. La mĂ©thodologie de travail s’est basĂ©e sur la rĂ©colte d’une douzaine d’échantillons du nouveau taxon de Croton, mis sous presse et ramenĂ©s Ă  l’Herbier Dakar. La comparaison des traits de caractĂšres macro et micro-morphologiques de cette espĂšce du genre Croton avec ceux des spĂ©cimens du mĂȘme genre de la flore du SĂ©nĂ©gal, a montrĂ© qu’il s’agit d’une nouvelle espĂšce. L’identification de ce nouveau taxon a Ă©tĂ© facilitĂ©e par les flores disponibles dans l’herbier Dakar. Les rĂ©sultats ont montrĂ© qu’il s’agit de Croton hirtus L'HĂ©r. qui est une adventice originaire d’AmĂ©rique latine et qui s’est introduite en Afrique et en Asie tropicales. Mots clĂ©s: Croton hirtus, nouvelle adventice, SĂ©nĂ©galDuring floristic investigation in several parts of Senegal, taxa of vascular plants were found which were not previously reported in the country. Collected samples were examined and morphological studies were conducted in the Dakar Herbarium of Cheikh Anta Diop University. This study provided a definition and description of the species from Croton genus of Euphorbiaceae family as a new species to Senegalese flora. Detailed studies showed that they were different from the known species of Croton reported in Senegalese flora. After morphological examination and literature review, the species was identified as Croton hirtus. The species is originally native to tropical and sub-tropical regions of the American continent but now, was widely spread in Africa and tropical Asia as an invasive species.  Keywords: Croton hirtus, new weed, Senega
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