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Not AvailableThe land resource inventory of Nazarapur-2 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 438 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 293 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, about 77 ha is covered by forest. 44 ha is under Rock outcrops and 24 ha is under others (Habitation water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below. The soils belong to 10 soil series and 13 soil phases (management units) and 6 land management units. The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October. From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated. Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval. Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated. An area about 293 ha (67%) in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture. An area of about 12 per cent soils are deep (100-150cm), about 5 per cent soils are moderately deep (75-100), whereas 7 per cent soils are moderately shallow (50 -75 cm) and 44 per cent soils are Very shallow and shallow (<25 -50 cm) in the microwatershed. About 9 per cent area in the microwatershed are sandy soils, 53 percent soils are loamy and 5 per cent clayey soils at the surface. An area of about 16 percent soils are non gravelly (<15%), about 49 percent soils are gravelly (15-35%) about 2 percent soils are very gravelly (35-60%) in the microwatershed. About 11 percent soils are high (>200mm/m), 5 percent soils are medium (51-100), 51 per cent soils are low (51-100 mm/m) and very low (<50 mm/m) available water capacity. About 31 per cent area of the microwatershed has gently sloping (3-5% slope) lands, about 27 per cent area of the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands and 10 per cent is nearly level (0-1% slope) lands. An area of about 57 per cent area is moderately (e2) eroded and 10 percent soils are slightly eroded (e1). An area of about 6 per cent soils are slightly acid (pH 6.0 -6.5), about 33 per cent soil are neutral (pH 6.5-7.3) and 28 per cent soil are slightly alkaline (pH 7.3- 7.8).soils. The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is dominately <2 dsm-1 indicating that the soils are non-saline. An area of about 55 per cent is high (>0.75%) and 12 percent is medium (0.50- 0.75%) in organic carbon content. An area of about 57 per cent is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 10 percent soils are high (>57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus. Entire cultivated area in the microwatershed has medium (145-337 kg/ha) in available potassium. Entire cultivated area in the microwatershed has medium (10-20ppm) in available sulphur Available boron is low (<0.5 ppm) in a maximum area of about 4 per cent and medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) is about 63 per cent soils. Available iron content is sufficient (>4.5ppm) in entire cultivated area of the microwatershed. Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed. Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in a maximum area of about 55 per cent and sufficient (>0.6 ppm) which covers an area of about 12 percent in the microwatershed The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 50(11) 50(11) Guava - 22(5) Maize - 100(23) Sapota - 22(5) Bajra - 100(23) Pomegranate - 72(16) Groundnut - 31(7) Musambi 47(11) 25(6) Sunflower 50(11) 22(5) Lime 47(11) 25(6) Redgram - 72(16) Amla - 100(23) Bengal gram 50(11) 28(6) Cashew - - Cotton 50(11) 28(6) Jackfruit - 22(5) Chilli - 100(23) Jamun - 50(11) Tomato - 97(22) Custard apple 68(16) 31(7) Brinjal 47(11) 53(12) Tamarind - 50(11) Onion 68(16) 28(6) Mulberry - 22(5) Bhendi 68(16) 31(7) Marigold - 100(23) Drumstick - 72(16) Chrysanthemum - 100(23) Mango - 47(11) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fiber and horticulture crops. Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc. Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel to generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY The data indicated that there were 110 (70.51%) men and 45 (28.85%) women among the sampled households. The average family size of landless farmers’ was 5.75, marginal farmers’ was 4.6, small farmers’ was 4, semi medium farmers’ was 4.3 and medium farmers were 4. The data indicated that, 18 (11.54%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 64 (41.03%) were in 16-35 years of age, 46 (29.49%) were in 36-60 years of age and 28 (17.95%) were above 61 years of age. The results indicated that Nazarapur-2 had 51.92 per cent illiterates, 0.64 per cent of them functional literate, 8.97 per cent of them had primary school, 15.38 per cent of them had high school, education, 4.49 per cent of them had PUC, 1.28 per cent of them had diploma, 3.21 per cent of them had ITI, 11.54 per cent of them had degree and 1.28 per cent of them had masters education. The results indicate that, 82.35 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture, 2.94 per cent of the household heads were government and private services. The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 73.08 per cent of the household members, 0.64 per cent were general labourers, 1.92 per cent were government service, 5.77 per cent were private services, 9.62 per cent student and 2.56 per cent were children. The results show that, 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions. The results indicate that 32.35 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 67.65 per cent of the households possess pucca/RCC house. The results show that 2.94 per cent of the households possess radio and car/four wheeler, 91.18 per cent of the households possess TV, 61.76 per cent of the households possess mixer/grinder, 17.65 per cent of the households possess refrigerator, 5.88 per cent of the households possess bicycle cycle, 29.41 per cent of the households possess motor cycle and 91.18 per cent of the households possess mobile phones. The results show that the average value of radio was Rs. 3,000, television was Rs. 5,064, mixer/grinder was Rs. 1,842, refrigerator was Rs. 7,833, bicycle was Rs. 1,000, motor cycle was Rs. 31,818, car/four wheeler was Rs. 30,000 and mobile phone was Rs. 2,692. About 23.53 per cent each of the households possess bullock cart, 44.12 per cent each of the households possess plough, 20.59 per cent of the households possess seed/fertilizer drill, 2.94 per cent of the households possss transplanter/grinder, 5.88 per cent of the households possess tractor and thresher, 26.47 per cent of the households possess sprayer and 61.76 per cent of the households possess weeder. 2 The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 45,250, plough was Rs. 2,690, seed/fertilizer drill was Rs. 5,428, transplanter was Rs. 5,000, tractor was Rs. 400,000, sprayer was Rs. 2,163, thresher was Rs. 20,000 and the average value of weeder was Rs. 98. The results indicate that, 11.76 per cent of the households possess bullocks, buffalo, sheep and goat, 17.65 per cent of the households possess local cow, 2.94 per cent of the households possess pigs and 8.82 per cent of the households possess poultry birds. The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 2.07, average own labour (women) available was 1.03, average hired labour (men) available was 7.73 and average hired labour (women) available was 7.13. The results indicate that, 91.18 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate 2.94 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was inadequate. The results indicate that, households of the Nazarapur-2 micro-watershed possess 27.52 ha (81.96%) of dry land and 6.06 ha (18.04%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 8.74 ha (98.32%) of dry land and 0.15 ha (1.68%) of irrigated land. Small farmers possess 1.66 ha (40.59%) of dry land and 2.43 ha (59.41%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 12.26 ha (90.23%) of dry land and 1.33 ha (9.77%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 4.86 ha (69.28%) of dry land and 2.15 ha (30.72%) of irrigated land. The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 968,164.44 and the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 758,984.63. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 1,194,976.85 for dry land and the average land value was Rs. 1,335,135.12. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 783,170.75 for dry land and the average land value was Rs. 823,333.33 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 725,751.07 for dry land and the average land value was Rs. 1,204,878.06 for irrigated land. In case of medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 1,235,000 for dry land and the average land value was Rs. 371,428.56 for irrigated land. The results indicate that, there were 4 functioning and de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed. The results indicate that, there were 1 functioning and de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed. The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 11.76 per cent and open well was the source in the micro watershed for 2.94 per cent of the farmers. 3 The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 4.41 meters and open well was found to be 3.14 meters. The results indicate that, farmers have grown green gram (1.02%), red gram (26.51 ha), cotton (0.81 ha) groundnut (3.48 ha) and paddy (0.96%). Marginal farmers have grown green gram, red gram and paddy. Small farmers have grown red gram, cotton and paddy. Semi medium farmers have grown red gram and groundnut. Medium farmers have grown red gram and groundnut. The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Nazarapur-2 micro-watershed was found to be 98.07 per cent. The results indicate that, 88.24 per cent of the households have bank account and 82.35 per cent of the households have savings. The results indicate that, 23.53 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources. The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households have borrowed from commercial bank and 50 per cent of the households have borrowed from grameena bank. The results indicate that, the average credit amount borrowed by households in micro-watershed was Rs. 323,250. The results indicate that, 84.62 per cent of the households borrowed from institutional sources for the purpose of agricultural production and 15.38 per of the households borrowed from institutional sources for the purpose of construction-house, construction-cattle shed. The results indicate that, 100 per cent opined that the loan amount borrowed from helped to perform timely agricultural operations. The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Cotton was Rs. 81098.96. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 123500. The net income from Cotton cultivation was Rs. 42401.04. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.52. The total cost of cultivation for green gram was Rs. 221155.82. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 134692.56. The net income from green gram cultivation was Rs. -86463.26. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.61. The total cost of cultivation for Red gram was Rs. 211796.99. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 87710.40. The net income from Red gram cultivation was Rs. -124086.59. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.41. The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 69339.68. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 167832.78. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 98493.10. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.42. The total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 197356.84. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 102888.85. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. -94467.99. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.52. 4 The results indicate that, 14.71 per cent of the households opined that dry and green fodder was adequate, 23.53 per cent of the households opined that dry and green fodder was inadequate. The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 462,500 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 121,888.89, for small farmers it was Rs. 283,750, semi medium farmers it was Rs. 285,000 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 1,825,000. The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 140,877.45. For landless farmers it was Rs. 168,333.33, marginal farmers it was Rs. 24,185.19, for small farmers it was Rs. 195,000, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 29,361.11 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 1,362,500. The results indicate that, households have planted 2 coconut, jack fruit and lemon, 89 custard apple, 6 guava and 8 mango trees in their field. The results indicate that, households have planted 1 teak, 32 neem and 8 tamarind trees in their field. The results indicated that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 59,264.71 for land development. The results indicated that loan from bank was the source of additional investment for 8.82 per cent for land development. Own funds was the source of additional investment for 79.41 per cent for land development. The results indicated that, cotton was sold to the extent of 100 per cent, green gram was sold to the extent of 90.74 per cent, groundnut was sold to the extent of 97.56 per cent, paddy was sold to the extent of 95.56 per cent and red gram was sold to the extent of 89.33 per cent. The results indicated that, about 91.18 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchant. The results indicated that, 2.94 per cent of the households have used cart and truck, 79.41 per cent were used tractor and 5.88 per cent were bus as a mode of transportation. The results indicated that, 88.24 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm. The results indicated that, 52.94 per cent have shown interest in soil test. The results indicated that, 5.88 per cent of the households used dung cake, 91.18 per cent of the households used fire wood and 2.94 per cent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel. The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 100 per cent in the micro watershed. Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed. 5 The results indicated that, 55.88 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility. The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL cards. The results indicated that, 73.53 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme. The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 67.65 per cent, oilseed were adequate for 5.88 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 97.06 per cent, fruits were adequate for 14.71 per cent, milk were adequate for 85.29 per cent and egg were adequate for 85.29 per cent. The results indicated that, pulses were inadequate for 29.41 per cent of the households, oilseed were inadequate for 94.12 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 2.94 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 82.35 per cent, milk were inadequate for 14.71 per cent, egg were inadequate for 88.24 per cent and meat were inadequate for 100 per cent of the households. The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil, wild animal menace on farm field, Inadequacy of irrigation water and High cost of Fertilizers and plant protection chemicals in the area was the constraint experienced by 100 per cent of the households, frequent incidence of pest and diseases (97.06%), high rate of interest on credit (85.29%), low price for the agricultural commodities (97.06%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (14.71%), inadequate extension service (73.53%) and Lack of transport for safe transport of the Agril produce to the market (23.53%).Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Projec

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Not AvailableThe socio-economic outputs for the Gopalagiri Colony-1 micro-watershed (Basavapur sub-watershed, Gundlupet taluk, Chamarajanagar district are presented here. Social Indicators); - Male and female ratio is 59.5 to 40.5 per cent to the total sample population. - Younger age groups 18 to 50 years group of population is around 54 per cent to the total population. - Literacy population is around 78.4 per cent. - Social groups belong to other backward caste (OBC) is around 77.8 per cent. - Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is the source of energy for a cooking among 88.9 per cent. - About 44.4 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card. - About 11.1 per cent farm households are having MGNREGA card for rural employment. - Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 88.9 per cent. - Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities is among all the sample households. - Institutional participation is only 24.3 per cent of sample households. 2 - Rural migration to unban centre for employment is prevalent among 18.9 per cent of farm households. - Women participation in decisions making are around 66.8 per cent of households were found. Economic Indicators; - The average land holding is 0.66 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to marginal farmers. The dry land account for 65.1 % and irrigated land 34.9 % of total cultivated land area among the sample farmers. - Agriculture is the main occupation among 90.6 per cent and agriculture is the main and non-agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 28.1 per cent of sample households. - The average value of domestic assets is around Rs.8070 per household. Mobile and television are mass popular mass communication media. - The average farm assets a value is around Rs.11850 per household, about 44.4 per cent of sample farmers own plough. - The average livestock value is around Rs.26600 per livestock; about 100 per cent of household are having livestock. - The average per capita food consumption is around 641.6 grams (1561 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 77.8 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation. - The annual average income is around Rs. 45088 per household. Among all farm sample households are below poverty line. - The per capita monthly average expenditure is around Rs.1242. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services; - The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use. - The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs.773 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 402711 per year for the total area of 550.02 ha. 3 - The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 19780/ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in banana (Rs. 96601), followed by turmeric (Rs. 45085), maize (Rs. 26807), red gram (Rs. 19672), horse gram (Rs. 6623), bajra (Rs. 4432), groundnut (Rs. 2961). - The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 2806/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in horse gram (Rs. 5472) followed by ragi (Rs. 3800), sorghum (Rs. 3529), maize (Rs. 2609), groundnut (Rs. 1051) and bajra (Rs. 374). - The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in banana (Rs. 185838) followed by turmeric (Rs. 54978), sorghum (Rs. 53775), bajra (Rs. 52269), red gram (Rs. 51718), sunflower (Rs. 39261), maize (Rs. 37562), groundnut (Rs. 23392), horse gram (Rs. 22578) and ragi (Rs. 15479). Economic Land Evaluation; - The major cropping pattern is bajra (29.8 %) followed by horse gram (12.8 %), groundnut (10.9 %), red gram (10.8 %), maize (10.4 %), sunflower (10.4 %), turmeric (6.2 %), banana (5.4%), safflower (2.3 %) and sorghum (0.9 %). - In Gopalgiri colony 1 micro-watershed, major soils are Annurkeri (ARK) soil series are having deep soil depth cover around 18.25 per cent of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing groundnut (46.8 %), turmeric (26.78 %) and bajra (26.5 %). Bheemanabeedu (BMB) soil series are having deep soil depth cover around 14.9 per cent of area; the major crops grown are sunflower (83.3 %) and sorghum (16.7 %), Devarahalli (DRH) having moderately shallow soil depth covers around 10.83 per cent of area and the major crops grown are bajra (39.4 %), red gram (39.4 %) and banana (21.2 %). Hullipura (HPR) soil series having moderately shallow soil depth cover 4.96 per cent of area. On this soil crops are horse gram and ragi. Kannigala (KNG) soil series having moderately deep soil depth cover around 4.29 per cent of area in this soil maize (50 %) and sunflower (50 %) are grown. Maddinahundi (MDH) soil series having deep soil cover 5.29 per cent of area. In this soil bajra and horse gram. 4 - The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area sunflower range between Rs. 57430/ha in BMB soil (with of 0.98) and Rs. 34393/ha in KNG soil (with BCR of 1.26). - In turmeric the cost of cultivation is Rs. 220347/ha in ARK soil (with BCR of 1.2). - In banana the cost of cultivation is in DRH soil Rs. 115113/ha (with BCR of 1.8). - In groundnut the cost of cultivation is Rs. 39081/ha in ARK soil (with BCR of 1.1). - In sorghum the cost of cultivation is Rs 42790/ha in BMB soil (with BCR of 1.07). - In horse gram the cost of cultivation range between MDH soil is Rs. 20809/ha (with BCR of 1.74) and Rs 32697/ha in HPR soil (with BCR value of 1.3). - In red gram the cost of cultivation is in DRH soil is Rs 21177/ha (with BCR of 1.9) and ragi cost of cultivation Rs in HPR soil is 54721/ha (with BCR of 1.1). - The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM. - It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications are deeper soils to maximize returns. Suggestions; - Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation. - The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices. - Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments. - By strengthen agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households. - By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in bajra (11.2 % to 28.8%), banana (39.8%), red gram (22.1 %), horse gram (14.6% to 35.1 %), ragi (55.8 %), maize (63.0 %), sunflower (24.1 % to 32.5 %), ground nut (50.8 %) and sorghum (37.1%).Karnataka Watershed Development, Under Sujala-III projec