Hoja Geológica 4172-II, San Martín de los Andes, Provincias de Río Negro y Neuquén: Programa Nacional de Cartas Geológicas de la República Argentina 1:250.000

Fil: Escosteguy, Leonardo D. No especificaFil: Geuna, Silvana E. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria; ArgentinaFil: Geuna, Silvana E. Instituto de Geociencias Basicas, Aplicadas y Ambientales de Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: Geuna, Silvana E. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; ArgentinaFil: Franchi, María L. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Franchi, María L. Universidad Nacional de Río Negro; ArgentinaFil: Gonzalez Diaz, Emilio F. No especificaFil: Dal Molin, Carlos N. No especificaThe Geological Sheet 4172 II San Martín de los Andes includes a sector in the south of Neuquén province and a little portion in the northwest of Río Negro province. It occupies an area of about 9.000 km2 and is bounded by the parallels 40º and 41º of south latitude, meridian 70º 30’ of west latitude and the border with Chile. The Sheet encompasses part of the northern segment of the Cordillera Patagónica Austral, the southern end of the Precordillera Neuquina Sur, most of the Collón Curá trough and a little portion of the Macizo Norpatagónico. The oldest exposed rocks in the region are part of the crystalline basement; they are the Colohuincul Complex (Devonian/Carboniferous) in the mountainous region, while other units are located in a northsouth belt in the eastern sector of the sheet integrated by Cushamen (Devonian/Permian), Mamil Choique (Carboniferous/ Permian) and Lipetrén (Permian/Triassic) Formations. Continental sediments with great fossil content of Paso Flores (Triassic) and Nestares (Lower Jurassic) Formations, outcrop in areas surrounding the Piedra del Águila dam. Pyroclastic rocks of the Sañicó Formation (Upper Triassic/Lower Jurassic) and marine/continental sediments of the Piedra Pintada Formation (Lower Jurassic) outcrop in the extraAndean region. Meanwhile, in the mountains, volcanic and sedimentary rocks of the Montes de Oca Formation (Lower Jurassic) are intruded by granitoids of the Los Machis Formation (Jurassic/Cretaceous). A small outcrop of conglomerates and red sandstones of the Angostura Colorada Formation (Upper Cretaceous) is located on the southeastern tip of the sheet, and scarce showings of Cretaceous basalt appear to the west of Alicurá dam. The Paleogene, characterized by significant volcanic activity associated with the evolution of the Andean continental margin, is represented by large and thick volcanic outcrops of Huitrera, Ventana and Lolog Formations. Basaltic lava flows of Cerro Petiso (lower Miocene) formed structural plains in the region of the Limay River, and were covered by deposits of Maria Sofia Formation (Miocene) characterized by the presence of paleosols. During the Middle Upper Miocene the Collón Curá was filled with thick sediments, tuffs, ignimbrites and basalts of the Caleufú and Collón Curá Formations. Miocene rocks in the mountainous region are represented by granodiorites, granites and granitic porphyry belonging to the Coluco Formation, which intrudes the Colohuincul Complex and the volcanics of Ventana Formation. During the Pliocene there was a significant volcanic activity, with basaltic and andesitic emissions forming the Chapelco Formation in the montain range of the same name. In the eastern region of the sheet, large tracts of olivine basaltic flows of the Chenqueniyeu Formation are seen. Rhyolitic intrusive of the Upper Pliocene outcropping north and northeast of San Martín de los Andes integrate the Los Pinos Formation. During Pliocene Pleistocene olivine basaltic and andesitic flows of the Aseret and Paso Mirador Formations spilled in the Cordillera. In the Pleistocene, glacier-related deposits such as glacial, fluvioglacial and glacilacustrine sediments were deposited along the Cordillera, in areas adjacent to the lakes. Holocene basaltic lava flows spilled in several areas of the sheet, as in the Chapelco Range, in the Pampa de Alicurá and Cerro La Horqueta. Occasional showings of unconsolidated pyroclastic material of the Río Pireco Formation cover the relief in a large mountain sector. The stratigraphic record is completed with modern alluvial, landslides and colluvial deposits. The structure in the area of the sheet is well exposed along the Patagonian Andes, where important representative structures of the Andean compressive phase are observed. To the East, Collón Curá basin is located along the river of the same name, bounded on the east by the southern foothills of the Precordillera Neuquina Sur. Geomorphologically, the region has three clearly differentiated areas: a higher western area, along the Cordillera, dominated by glacial landscape, a central volcanic area and an eastern plateau shaped area. Mining of any kind is unknown for the area, except for those related with the use of activity gravel or sand to cover local needs.La Hoja Geológica 4172 II San Martín de los Andes incluye un sector del sur de la provincia del Neuquén y una pequeña porción del noroeste de la provincia de Río Negro. Ocupa un área de aproximadamente 9.000 km2 y está delimitada por los paralelos 40º y 41º de latitud sur, el meridiano 70º 30’ de longitud oeste y el límite con Chile. Abarca parte del segmento norte de la Cordillera Patagónica Septentrional, el extremo austral de la Precordillera Neuquina Sur, gran parte de la Fosa de Collón Curá y una pequeña porción del Macizo Norpatagónico. Las rocas más antiguas aflorantes en la comarca forman parte del basamento cristalino; en la región cordillerana corresponden al Complejo Colohuincul (Devónico/Carbonífero), en tanto que otras unidades están ubicadas en una franja nortesur en el sector más oriental de la Hoja y están integradas por las formaciones Cushamen (Devónico/Pérmico), Mamil Choique (Carbonífero/Pérmico) y Lipetrén (Pérmico/Triásico). Sedimentitas continentales con alto contenido fosilífero de las formaciones Paso Flores (Triásico superior) y Nestares (Jurásico inferior) afloran en áreas aledañas al embalse Piedra del Águila. Rocas piroclásticas de la Formación Sañicó (Triásico superior/Jurásico inferior) y sedimentitas de ambiente marino/continental de la Formación Piedra Pintada (Jurásico inferior) se hallan en la región extraandina. En tanto, en la cordillera, rocas volcánicas y sedimentarias de la Formación Montes de Oca (Jurásico inferior) alojaron los granitoides de la Formación Los Machis (Jurásico/Cretácico). Un pequeño afloramiento de conglomerados y areniscas rojas de la Formación Angostura Colorada (Cretácico superior) está situado en el extremo sureste de la hoja y escasos asomos de basaltos cretácicos, al oeste del dique de Alicurá. El Paleógeno, caracterizado por una importante actividad volcánica asociada a la evolución del margen continental andino, está representado por extensos y potentes afloramientos de volcanitas de las formaciones Huitrera, Ventana y Lolog. Coladas de basaltos de la Formación Cerro Petiso (Mioceno inferior) formaron planicies estructurales en la región del río Limay, y fueron cubiertas por los depósitos de la Formación María Sofía (Mioceno) que se caracteriza por la presencia de paleosuelos. Durante el Mioceno medio superior se rellenó la cuenca de Collón Curá con potentes espesores de sedimentitas, tobas, ignimbritas y basaltos de las formaciones Collón Curá y Caleufú. El Mioceno de la región cordillerana está representado por granodioritas, granitos y pórfidos graníticos pertenecientes a la Formación Coluco, que intruyen al Complejo Colohuincul y a las volcanitas de la Formación Ventana. Durante el Plioceno inferior se produjo una importante actividad volcánica, con emisiones de basaltos y andesitas de la Formación Chapelco en el cordón del mismo nombre. En la región más oriental de la Hoja se advierten amplias extensiones de coladas de basaltos olivínicos de la Formación Chenqueniyeu. Intrusivos riolíticos del Plioceno superior, aflorantes al norte y noreste de San Martín de los Andes se reunieron en la Formación Los Pinos. En el Plioceno Pleistoceno en la cordillera se derramaron basaltos olivínicos y andesitas de las formaciones Aseret y Paso Mirador. En el Pleistoceno fueron acumulados, a lo largo de la cordillera, en áreas aledañas a los lagos, sedimentos relacionados con la acción glaciar, tales como depósitos glaciares, fluvioglaciares y glacilacustres. En el Holoceno se derramaron coladas de basaltos, en varias áreas de la Hoja, como en el cordón de Chapelco, en la pampa de Alicurá y en el cerro La Horqueta. En un amplio sector cordillerano, asomos ocasionales de material piroclástico no consolidado de la Formación Río Pireco tapizan el relieve. Completan el registro estratigráfico los depósitos modernos correspondientes a depósitos aluviales, de remoción en masa y coluviales. En el ámbito de la Hoja está muy bien expuesta a lo largo de la Cordillera Patagónica, donde se observan importantes estructuras representativas, la fase compresiva Andina. Hacia el este se halla la cuenca de Collón Curá a lo largo del río del mismo nombre, limitada hacia el oriente por las estribaciones australes de la Precordillera Neuquina Sur. La geomorfología de la región presenta tres áreas netamente diferenciables: una occidental más elevada, a lo largo de la cordillera, con predominio del paisaje glaciario, una región central volcánica y una oriental con un relieve mesetiforme. No se conocen en el área de la Hoja antecedentes relativos a explotaciones mineras de tipo alguno, con excepción de aquellas referidas al aprovechamiento de gravas o arenas destinadas a cubrir las necesidades locales

Prognostic Value of Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes in Triple-Negative Breast Cancers From Two Phase III Randomized Adjuvant Breast Cancer Trials: ECOG 2197 and ECOG 1199

Purpose Recent studies suggest that tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) are associated with disease-free (DFS) and overall survival (OS) in operable triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). We seek to validate the prognostic impact of TILs in primary TNBCs in two adjuvant phase III trials conducted by the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG). Patients and Methods Full-face hematoxylin and eosin–stained sections of 506 tumors from ECOG trials E2197 and E1199 were evaluated for density of TILs in intraepithelial (iTILs) and stromal compartments (sTILs). Patient cases of TNBC from E2197 and E1199 were randomly selected based on availability of sections. For the primary end point of DFS, association with TIL scores was determined by fitting proportional hazards models stratified on study. Secondary end points were OS and distant recurrence–free interval (DRFI). Reporting recommendations for tumor marker prognostic studies criteria were followed, and all analyses were prespecified. Results The majority of 481 evaluable cancers had TILs (sTILs, 80%; iTILs, 15%). With a median follow-up of 10.6 years, higher sTIL scores were associated with better prognosis; for every 10% increase in sTILs, a 14% reduction of risk of recurrence or death (P = .02), 18% reduction of risk of distant recurrence (P = .04), and 19% reduction of risk of death (P = .01) were observed. Multivariable analysis confirmed sTILs to be an independent prognostic marker of DFS, DRFI, and OS. Conclusion In two national randomized clinical trials using contemporary adjuvant chemotherapy, we confirm that stromal lymphocytic infiltration constitutes a robust prognostic factor in TNBCs. Studies assessing outcomes and therapeutic efficacies should consider stratification for this parameter

Development of 2nd generation aminomethyl spectinomycins that overcome native efflux in Mycobacterium abscessus

Mycobacterium abscessus (Mab), a nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) species, is an emerging pathogen with high intrinsic drug resistance. Current standard-of-care therapy results in poor outcomes, demonstrating the urgent need to develop effective antimycobacterial regimens. Through synthetic modification of spectinomycin (SPC), we have identified a distinct structural subclass of N-ethylene linked aminomethyl SPCs (eAmSPCs) that are up to 64-fold more potent against Mab over the parent SPC. Mechanism of action and crystallography studies demonstrate that the eAmSPCs display a mode of ribosomal inhibition consistent with SPC. However, they exert their increased antimicrobial activity through enhanced accumulation, largely by circumventing efflux mechanisms. The N-ethylene linkage within this series plays a critical role in avoiding TetV-mediated efflux, as lead eAmSPC 2593 displays a mere fourfold susceptibility improvement against Mab ΔtetV, in contrast to the 64-fold increase for SPC. Even a minor shortening of the linkage by a single carbon, akin to 1st generation AmSPC 1950, results in a substantial increase in MICs and a 16-fold rise in susceptibility against Mab ΔtetV. These shifts suggest that longer linkages might modify the kinetics of drug expulsion by TetV, ultimately shifting the equilibrium towards heightened intracellular concentrations and enhanced antimicrobial efficacy. Furthermore, lead eAmSPCs were also shown to synergize with various classes of anti-Mab antibiotics and retain activity against clinical isolates and other mycobacterial strains. Encouraging pharmacokinetic profiles coupled with robust efficacy in Mab murine infection models suggest that eAmSPCs hold the potential to be developed into treatments for Mab and other NTM infections

TOFHIR2: The readout ASIC of the CMS Barrel MIP Timing Detector

The CMS detector will be upgraded for the HL-LHC to include a MIP Timing Detector (MTD). The MTD will consist of barrel and endcap timing layers, BTL and ETL respectively, providing precision timing of charged particles. The BTL sensors are based on LYSO:Ce scintillation crystals coupled to SiPMs with TOFHIR2 ASICs for the front-end readout. A resolution of 30-60 ps for MIP signals at a rate of 2.5 Mhit/s per channel is expected along the HL-LHC lifetime. We present an overview of the TOFHIR2 requirements and design, simulation results and measurements with TOFHIR2 ASICs. The measurements of TOFHIR2 associated to sensor modules were performed in different test setups using internal test pulses or blue and UV laser pulses emulating the signals expected in the experiment. The measurements show a time resolution of 24 ps initially during Beginning of Operation (BoO) and 58 ps at End of Operation (EoO) conditions, matching well the BTL requirements. We also showed that the time resolution is stable up to the highest expected MIP rate. Extensive radiation tests were performed, both with x-rays and heavy ions, showing that TOFHIR2 is not affected by the radiation environment during the experiment lifetime.Comment: Editor: J. Varel

Bifidobacterium infantis strains with and without a combination of Oligofructose and Inulin (OFI) attenuate inflammation in DSS-induced colitis in rats

BACKGROUND: Pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease is thought to be through different factors and there is a relationship between the gut flora and the risk of its development. Probiotics can manipulate the microflora in chronic inflammation and may be effective in treating inflammation. Bifidobacterium are saccharolytic and their growth in the gut can be promoted by non-absorbable carbohydrates and its increase in the colon appears to be of benefit. METHODS: Oligofructose and inulin (OFI) alone and the two B. infantis DSM 15158 and DSM 15159 with and without OFI, were fed to Sprague-Dawley rats for 7 days prior to colitis induction and administrations continued for another 7 days with the DSS. Colitis severity assessed using a Disease Activity Index. Samples were collected 7 days after colitis induction, for intestinal bacterial flora, bacterial translocation, short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), myeloperoxidase (MPO), cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-10 and TGF-β) and malondialdehyde (MDA). RESULTS: OFI alone or the B. infantis strains with and without OFI improved significantly the DAI and decreased colonic MPO activity. Colonic tissue IL-1β decreased significantly in all treated groups except B. infantis DSM 15158. MDA decreased significantly in B. infantis DSM 15159 with and without OFI compared to colitis control. Succinic acid increased significantly in OFI group with and without DSM 15159 compared to all groups. Sum values of propionic, succinic acid and butyric acid increased significantly in all groups compare to the colitis control. Bacterial translocation to mesenteric lymph nodes decreased significantly in all groups compared to colitis control. Translocation to the liver decreased significantly in all groups compare to the colitis control and OFI + B. infantis DSM 15158 groups. CONCLUSION: Administrations of OFI and Bifidobacterium improve DSS-induced acute colitis and have an anti-inflammatory effect. Major differences in effect were observed between the two B. infantis strains as indicated in MDA and succinic acid concentration as well as bacterial translocation rate in synbiotic combinations

Exploring the potential of phone call data to characterize the relationship between social network and travel behavior

[EN] Social network contacts have significant influence on individual travel behavior. However, transport models rarely consider social interaction. One of the reasons is the difficulty to properly model social influence based on the limited data available. Non-conventional, passively collected data sources, such as Twitter, Facebook or mobile phones, provide large amounts of data containing both social interaction and spatiotemporal information. The analysis of such data opens an opportunity to better understand the influence of social networks on travel behavior. The main objective of this paper is to examine the relationship between travel behavior and social networks using mobile phone data. A huge dataset containing billions of registers has been used for this study. The paper analyzes the nature of co-location events and frequent locations shared by social network contacts, aiming not only to provide understanding on why users share certain locations, but also to quantify the degree in which the different types of locations are shared. Locations have been classified as frequent (home, work and other) and non-frequent. A novel approach to identify co-location events based on the intersection of users' mobility models has been proposed. Results show that other locations different from home and work are frequently associated to social interaction. Additionally, the importance of non-frequent locations in co-location events is shown. Finally, the potential application of the data analysis results to improve activity-based transport models and assess transport policies is discussed.The authors would like to thank the anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments and suggestions to improve the quality of the paper. The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework Programme FP7/2007-2013 under grant agreement no 318367 (EUNOIA project) and no 611307 (INSIGHT project). The work of ML has been funded under the PD/004/2013 project, from the Conselleria de Educacion, Cultura y Universidades of the Government of the Balearic Islands and from the European Social Fund through the Balearic Islands ESF operational program for 2013-2017.Picornell Tronch, M.; Ruiz Sánchez, T.; Lenormand, M.; Ramasco, JJ.; Dubernet, T.; Frías-Martínez, E. (2015). Exploring the potential of phone call data to characterize the relationship between social network and travel behavior. Transportation. 42(4):647-668. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11116-015-9594-1S647668424Ahas, R., Aasa, A., Silm, S., Tiru, M.: Daily rhythms of suburban commuters’ movements in the tallinn metropolitan area: case study with mobile positioning data. Transp. Res. 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Cost-effectiveness of oral alitretinoin in patients with severe chronic hand eczema - a long-term analysis from a Swiss perspective

BACKGROUND: The impact on patients suffering from chronic hand eczema (CHE) is enormous, as no licensed systemic treatment option with proven efficacy for CHE is available. Alitretinoin is a novel agent which showed high clinical efficacy in patients with severe, refractory CHE. We assessed the cost-effectiveness of alitretinoin for CHE patient treatment from a Swiss third party payer perspective. A further objective of this study was to determine the burden of disease in Switzerland. METHODS: A long-term Markov cohort simulation model was used to estimate direct medical costs (euro) and clinical effectiveness (quality adjusted life years, QALYs) of treating severe CHE patients with alitretinoin. Comparison was against the standard treatment of supportive care (optimised emollient therapy). Information on response rates were derived from a randomized controlled clinical trial. Costs were considered from the perspective of the Swiss health system. Swiss epidemiological data was derived from official Swiss Statistic institutions. RESULTS: Annual costs of alitretinoin treatment accounted for 2'212 euro. After a time horizon of 22.4 years, average remaining long-term costs accounted for 42'208 euro or 38'795 euro in the alitretinoin and the standard treatment arm, respectively. Compared with the standard therapy, the addition of alitretinoin yielded an average gain of 0.230 QALYs at the end of the simulation. Accordingly, the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio resulted in 14'816 euro/QALY gained. These results were robust to changes in key model assumptions. CONCLUSION: The therapy for CHE patients is currently insufficient. In our long-term model we identified the treatment with alitretinoin as a cost-effective alternative for the therapy of CHE patients in Switzerland