Introduction: what is Wandelweiser?

The introduction to a special issue of 'Contemporary Music Review' on Wandelweiser

Proper Size of the Visible Universe in FRW Metrics with Constant Spacetime Curvature

In this paper, we continue to examine the fundamental basis for the Friedmann-Robertson-Walker (FRW) metric and its application to cosmology, specifically addressing the question: What is the proper size of the visible universe? There are several ways of answering the question of size, though often with an incomplete understanding of how far light has actually traveled in reaching us today from the most remote sources. The difficulty usually arises from an inconsistent use of the coordinates, or an over-interpretation of the physical meaning of quantities such as the so-called proper distance R(t)=a(t)r, written in terms of the (unchanging) co-moving radius r and the universal expansion factor a(t). In this paper, we use the five non-trivial FRW metrics with constant spacetime curvature (i.e., the static FRW metrics, but excluding Minkowski) to prove that in static FRW spacetimes in which expansion began from an initial signularity, the visible universe today has a proper size equal to R_h(t_0/2), i.e., the gravitational horizon at half its current age. The exceptions are de Sitter and Lanczos, whose contents had pre-existing positions away from the origin. In so doing, we confirm earlier results showing the same phenomenon in a broad range of cosmologies, including LCDM, based on the numerical integration of null geodesic equations through an FRW metric.Comment: Accepted for publication in Classical and Quantum Gravit

Utilization of Milk Processing by Product (Whey) as Based of Edible Film Making with Glycerol Adding as Plasticizer

Abstract: The research on the utilization of milk processing by product (whey) as based edible film making with glycerol adding as plasticizer has been done. Two thousand milliliters of whey is added to ethanol 95% (1:1) and heated to 60°C and then added as much as 1 % of the CMC and then treated with the addition of glycerol as much as 2.5 % (A), 3 % (B), 3.5 % (C), 4 % (D) and 4.5 % (E) in randomized block design with five replications. This research aims to determine the effect of adding glycerol to the characteristics of the edible film. The Variable was observed in this research were the moisture, protein, pH, thickness, viscosity and shelf life of the edible film. Result of the research showed that the higher glycerol plasticizer adding was decreased of moisture and protein content significantly (p<0.01) and increased pH, thickness and shelf life of the edible film. The use of glycerol plasticizer as much as 4 % is the optimum in producing good edible film. Key words: Whey, edible film, plasticizer, glycero

Accretion Disk Evolution With Wind Infall I. General Solution and Application to Sgr A*

The evolution of an accretion disk can be influenced significantly by the deposition of mass and angular momentum by an infalling Bondi-Hoyle wind. Such a mass influx impacts the long-term behavior of the disk by providing additional sources of viscosity and heating. In this paper, we derive and solve the disk equations when these effects are taken into account. We present a survey of models with various wind configurations and demonstrate that the disk spectrum may then differ substantially from that of a standard alpha-disk. In particular, it is likely that a wind-fed disk has a significant infrared bump due to the deposition of energy in its outer region. We apply some of the results of our calculations to the Galactic Center black hole candidate Sgr A* and show that if a fossil disk is present in this source, it must have a very low viscosity parameter (alpha<10^-4) and the Bondi-Hoyle wind must be accreting with a very high specific angular momentum to prevent it from circularizing in the inner disk region where its impact would be most noticeable.Comment: accepted for The Astrophysical Journal, AAS LaTex, 20 pages, also available at http://www.astro.umd.edu/~hfalcke/publications.html#wintercep

A fit to the simultaneous broadband spectrum of Cygnus X-1 using the transition disk model

We have used the transition disk model to fit the simultaneous broad band ($2-500$ keV) spectrum of Cygnus X-1 from OSSE and Ginga observations. In this model, the spectrum is produced by saturated Comptonization within the inner region of the accretion disk, where the temperature varies rapidly with radius. In an earlier attempt, we demonstrated the viability of this model by fitting the data from EXOSAT, XMPC balloon and OSSE observations, though these were not made simultaneously. Since the source is known to be variable, however, the results of this fit were not conclusive. In addition, since only once set of observations was used, the good agreement with the data could have been a chance occurrence. Here, we improve considerably upon our earlier analysis by considering four sets of simultaneous observations of Cygnus X-1, using an empirical model to obtain the disk temperature profile. The vertical structure is then obtained using this profile and we show that the analysis is self- consistent. We demonstrate conclusively that the transition disk spectrum is a better fit to the observations than that predicted by the soft photon Comptonization model. Since the temperature profile is obtained by fitting the data, the unknown viscosity mechanism need not be specified. The disk structure can then be used to infer the viscosity parameter $\alpha$, which appears to vary with radius and luminosity. This behavior can be understood if $\alpha$ depends intrinsically on the local parameters such as density, height and temperature. However, due to uncertainties in the radiative transfer, quantitative statements regarding the variation of $\alpha$ cannot yet be made.Comment: 8 figures. uses aasms4.sty, accepted by ApJ (Mar 98

Hubungan Karakteristik Demografi dan Gaya Hidup dengan Perilaku Penukaran Point Reward Kartu Kredit di Kota Denpasar

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship of demographic characteristics (gender, age, education, and income) and lifestyle with onsite behavior reward point credit cards for credit card users in the city of Denpasar. This study is targeting customers of Bank Mandiri and BCA Soerapatti Branch Branch, with each sample as many as 50 customers. Data were collected by distributing questionnaires then processed using Chi-square analysis techniques. The results of data processing show that among the four demographic variables, only income had a significant relationship with the behavior of credit card reward point redemption. Lifestyle also does not have a significant relationship with the behavior of credit card reward point redemption

A repeated cross-sectional survey assessing changes in diet and nutrient quality of English primary school children’s packed lunches between 2006 and 2016

Objective: Mandatory school meal standards were introduced in 2006 in England; however, no legislation exists for packed lunches. This study analyses provision of foods and nutrients in packed lunches in 2016 to highlight differences in diet and nutrient quality since 2006. Design: Two cross-sectional surveys of children’s packed lunches were conducted in 2006 and 2016. Data were analysed using multilevel regression models taking into account the clustering of children within primary schools. Setting: Data were collected from 1148 children who attended 76 schools across England in 2006 and from 323 children attending 18 schools across England in 2016. Participants: Children were included if they regularly ate a packed lunch prepared at home (approximately half of children take a packed lunch to school) and were aged 8–9 years (in year 4), for both surveys. Outcome measures: Data collected in both years included provision of weight and type of food, nutrients and proportion of lunches meeting individual and combined school meal standards. Results: Frequency of provision and portion size of some food types changed substantially between surveys. Frequency of provision of confectionery in lunches reduced by 9.9% (95% CI −20.0 to 0.2%), sweetened drinks reduced by 14.4% (95% CI −24.8 to −4.0%), and cakes and biscuits not containing chocolate increased by 9.6% (95% CI 3.0 to 16.3%). Vegetable provision in lunches remained low. Substantial changes were seen in the percentage of lunches meeting some nutrient standards: non-milk extrinsic sugars (19%, 95% CI 10 to 29%), vitamin A (−8%, 95% CI −12 to −4%), vitamin C (−35%, 95% CI −42 to −28%) and zinc (−8%, 95% CI −14 to −1%). Conclusions: Packed lunches remain low quality with few meeting standards set for school meals. Provision of sugars has reduced due to reductions in provision and portion size of sugary drinks and packaged sweet foods; however, provision of some nutrients has worsened

XMM-Newton observation of the brightest X-ray flare detected so far from SgrA*

We report the high S/N observation on October 3, 2002 with XMM-Newton of the brightest X-ray flare detected so far from SgrA* with a duration shorter than one hour (~ 2.7 ks). The light curve is almost symmetrical with respect to the peak flare, and no significant difference between the soft and hard X-ray range is detected. The overall flare spectrum is well represented by an absorbed power-law with a soft photon spectral index of Gamma=2.5+/-0.3, and a peak 2-10 keV luminosity of 3.6 (+0.3-0.4) x 10^35 erg/s, i.e. a factor 160 higher than the Sgr A* quiescent value. No significant spectral change during the flare is observed. This X-ray flare is very different from other bright flares reported so far: it is much brighter and softer. The present accurate determination of the flare characteristics challenge the current interpretation of the physical processes occuring inside the very close environment of SgrA* by bringing very strong constraints for the theoretical flare models.Comment: Accepted for publication in A&A Letters. 4 pages, 2 figures, 1 table