Low-income consumers' attitudes and behaviour towards access, availability and motivation to eat fruit and vegetables

To determine low-income consumers' attitudes and behaviour towards fruit and vegetables, in particular issues of access to, affordability of and motivation to eat fruit and vegetables. Design and setting: Questionnaire survey mailed to homes owned by a large UK housing association. Participants: Participants were 680 low-income men and women, aged 17-100 years. Results: Age, employment, gender, smoking and marital status all affected attitudes towards access, affordability and motivation to eat fruit and vegetables. Few (7%) participants experienced difficulty in visiting a supermarket at least once a week, despite nearly half having no access to a car for shopping. Fruit and vegetables were affordable to this low-income group in the amounts they habitually bought; purchasing additional fruits and vegetables was seen as prohibitively expensive. Less than 5% felt they had a problem with eating healthily and yet only 18% claimed to eat the recommended 5 or more portions of fruit and vegetables every day. Conclusions: Supported by research, current UK Government policy is driven by the belief that low-income groups have difficulties in access to and affordability of fruit and vegetables. Findings from this particular group suggest that, of the three potential barriers, access and affordability were only a small part of the 'problem' surrounding low fruit and vegetable consumption. Thus, other possible determinants of greater consequence need to be identified. We suggest focusing attention on motivation to eat fruit and vegetables, since no dietary improvement can be achieved if people do not recognise there is a problem

Percepção do consumidor frente aos riscos associados aos alimentos, sua segurança e rastreabilidade.

An increase in consumer interest in food safety has been observed in the last few decades. Governments have been pressed to adopt measures that assure the safety of foods and, as a consequence, legislation related to the contamination of food by physical, chemical and microbiological contaminants is being implemented. Within this context it is relevant to investigate the perception of Brazilian consumers on such issues. The present work evaluated the criteria used by consumers from Rio de Janeiro and Campinas to buy foods, and their vision of the risks of food contamination. The perception of consumers on traceability and its importance in contributing to the safety of foods was also evaluated using the Focus Group methodology. Three sessions were carried out (two in Campinas and the third in Rio de Janeiro). Differences were found between the consumers from the two cities. The Campinas consumers were more concerned and interested in the matter than those from Rio de Janeiro, since they reported looking for more information on the food labels. Mention was made of the risks of food poisoning, botulism, and pesticides by respondents in both cities. The main products considered as showing health risks were meats and seafood, the latter particularly in Rio. Products considered safe by consumers included fruits (without pesticides), vegetables and dried products. All the consumer groups were concerned about food contamination by pesticides and heavy metals. In relation to microbiological contamination, the three groups highlighted the risks of bacteria, especially Salmonella. Traceability was considered relevant by the three groups, since it should contribute to a more efficient product recall if necessary. However, from the consumer perspective, it will also lead to a price increase, although increasing consumer confidence in the safety of the foods. Many of the consumer concerns reflected information published in magazines and newspapers, such as the use of hormones in chicken. Industries and retailers should communicate scientific information about safety topics, thus contributing to consumer education.Nas últimas décadas, tem-se observado um crescente interesse dos consumidores pelas questões relacionadas à segurança dos alimentos. Os governos têm sido pressionados a adotar medidas que assegurem a inocuidade dos alimentos e, consequentemente, legislações rigorosas quanto à contaminação dos alimentos por agentes físicos, químicos e microbiológicos estão sendo implantadas. Dentro desse panorama, conhecer a percepção do consumidor brasileiro sobre o tema é extremamente relevante. No presente estudo, avaliaram-se, em duas grandes cidades brasileiras (Campinas-SP e Rio de Janeiro-RJ), os critérios utilizados por consumidores para a compra de produtos alimentícios e suas visões sobre os riscos potenciais de contaminação dos alimentos. Avaliou-se também a percepção dos consumidores sobre a rastreabilidade e seu papel na melhoria da segurança dos alimentos, utilizando-se a metodologia focus group. Três sessões de discussão foram conduzidas (duas em Campinas e uma no Rio de Janeiro), tendo sido observadas diferenças entre os consumidores das distintas praças. Os consumidores de Campinas mostraram-se mais preocupados e interessados no assunto do que os do Rio de Janeiro, pois relataram buscar mais informações nos rótulos de alimentos. Menções relacionadas a riscos, como intoxicação alimentar, botulismo e agrotóxicos foram comuns para os entrevistados das duas cidades e, entre os principais produtos considerados com risco à saúde, ficaram as carnes e os frutos do mar, sendo estes últimos com maior ênfase no Rio de Janeiro. Dentre os produtos reconhecidos como seguros, destacaram-se as frutas (produzidas sem agrotóxicos), os legumes e os produtos secos/desidratados. Em todos os grupos, observou-se grande preocupação com a contaminação por agrotóxicos e metais pesados. Em termos microbiológicos, ambas as praças destacaram os riscos com bactérias, especialmente a Salmonella. O tema rastreabilidade se mostrou relevante nos três grupos, pois esta deve contribuir para o recolhimento mais eficiente de produtos, caso seja necessário. No entanto, sob a ótica do consumidor, a rastreabilidade leva ao aumento dos preços, embora aumente a confiança em relação à segurança dos alimentos. Muitas das preocupações dos consumidores refletem as informações publicadas em revistas e jornais, como o caso da crença de que hormônios são utilizados na cadeia da carne de frango. Indústria e varejistas devem incrementar a comunicação de informações científicas sobre a segurança dos alimentos, contribuindo, assim, na educação do consumidor

Factors influencing societal response of nanotechnology : an expert stakeholder analysis

Nanotechnology can be described as an emerging technology and, as has been the case with other emerging technologies such as genetic modification, different socio-psychological factors will potentially influence societal responses to its development and application. These factors will play an important role in how nanotechnology is developed and commercialised. This article aims to identify expert opinion on factors influencing societal response to applications of nanotechnology. Structured interviews with experts on nanotechnology from North West Europe were conducted using repertory grid methodology in conjunction with generalized Procrustes analysis to examine the psychological constructs underlying societal uptake of 15 key applications of nanotechnology drawn from different areas (e.g. medicine, agriculture and environment, chemical, food, military, sports, and cosmetics). Based on expert judgement, the main factors influencing societal response to different applications of nanotechnology will be the extent to which applications are perceived to be beneficial, useful, and necessary, and how 'real' and physically close to the end-user these applications are perceived to be by the publi

A randomized, open-label study of the efficacy and safety of AZD4547 monotherapy versus paclitaxel for the treatment of advanced gastric adenocarcinoma with FGFR2 polysomy or gene amplification

Background:Approximately 5%-10% of gastric cancers have a fibroblast growth factor receptor-2 (FGFR2) gene amplification. AZD4547 is a selective FGFR-1, 2, 3 tyrosine kinase inhibitor with potent preclinical activity in FGFR2 amplified gastric adenocarcinoma SNU16 and SGC083 xenograft models. The randomized phase II SHINE study (NCT01457846) investigated whether AZD4547 improves clinical outcome versus paclitaxel as second-line treatment in patients with advanced gastric adenocarcinoma displaying FGFR2 polysomy or gene amplification detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Patients and methods:Patients were randomized 3:2 (FGFR2 gene amplification) or 1:1 (FGFR2 polysomy) to AZD4547 or paclitaxel. Patients received AZD4547 80 mg twice daily, orally, on a 2 weeks on/1 week off schedule of a 21-day cycle or intravenous paclitaxel 80 mg/m2 administered weekly on days 1, 8, and 15 of a 28-day cycle. The primary end point was progression-free survival (PFS). Safety outcomes were assessed and an exploratory biomarker analysis was undertaken. Results:Of 71 patients randomized (AZD4547 n = 41, paclitaxel n = 30), 67 received study treatment (AZD4547 n = 40, paclitaxel n = 27). Among all randomized patients, median PFS was 1.8 months with AZD4547 and 3.5 months with paclitaxel (one-sided P = 0.9581); median follow-up duration for PFS was 1.77 and 2.12 months, respectively. The incidence of adverse events was similar in both treatment arms. Exploratory biomarker analyses revealed marked intratumor heterogeneity of FGFR2 amplification and poor concordance between amplification/polysomy and FGFR2 mRNA expression. Conclusions:AZD4547 did not significantly improve PFS versus paclitaxel in gastric cancer FGFR2 amplification/polysomy patients. Considerable intratumor heterogeneity for FGFR2 gene amplification and poor concordance between FGFR2 amplification/polysomy and FGFR2 expression indicates the need for alternative predictive biomarker testing. AZD4547 was generally well tolerated

Consumers across five European countries prioritise animal welfare above environmental sustainability when buying meat and dairy products

Food production systems, especially meat and dairy supply chains, contribute to greenhouse gas emissions. An important question emerges as to whether consumers care about environmental sustainability when buying food products, as this can determine their consumption practices. Further, if sustainability labels are available, identifying information that is relevant to consumers is important. This research therefore aimed to identify the attributes that are most important for consumers when buying meat or dairy products and the perceived helpfulness of sustainability labels for meat and dairy products and important label properties. An online survey was conducted in five European countries (i.e. Czechia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and the UK). Consumers valued similar attributes when buying meat and dairy products across all countries. Freshness, quality/taste and animal welfare emerged as the most important attributes, while environmental attributes such as food miles, carbon footprint, and organic production were the least important. Sustainability labels for meat and dairy products were perceived as helpful. Regression analysis identified similar patterns within all five countries regarding the predictors of the perceived helpfulness of sustainability labels. Attitudes towards sustainable food consumption, environmental attitudes, and food production and policies emerged as significant positive predictors in most models. Most importantly, information regarding animal welfare, food safety, and health and nutrition was perceived as being more important than environmental sustainability. This suggests that food choice decisions are unlikely to be made based on the environmental sustainability of a food product’s production alone

Attitudes to in vitro meat:A survey of potential consumers in the United States

Positivity towards meat consumption remains strong, despite evidence of negative environmental and ethical outcomes. Although awareness of these repercussions is rising, there is still public resistance to removing meat from our diets. One potential method to alleviate these effects is to produce in vitro meat: meat grown in a laboratory that does not carry the same environmental or ethical concerns. However, there is limited research examining public attitudes towards in vitro meat, thus we know little about the capacity for it be accepted by consumers. This study aimed to examine perceptions of in vitro meat and identify potential barriers that might prevent engagement. Through conducting an online survey with US participants, we identified that although most respondents were willing to try in vitro meat, only one third were definitely or probably willing to eat in vitro meat regularly or as a replacement for farmed meat. Men were more receptive to it than women, as were politically liberal respondents compared with conservative ones. Vegetarians and vegans were more likely to perceive benefits compared to farmed meat, but they were less likely to want to try it than meat eaters. The main concerns were an anticipated high price, limited taste and appeal and a concern that the product was unnatural. It is concluded that people in the USA are likely to try in vitro meat, but few believed that it would replace farmed meat in their diet

Healthcare workers' attitudes towards working during pandemic influenza: A multi method study

Background: Healthcare workers (HCWs) will be key players in any response to pandemic influenza, and will be in the front line of exposure to infection. Responding effectively to a pandemic relies on the majority of medical, nursing, laboratory and hotel services staff continuing to work normally. Planning assumes that during a pandemic normal healthcare service levels will be provided, although it anticipates that as caseloads increase only essential care will be provided. The ability of the NHS to provide expected service levels is entirely dependent upon HCWs continuing to work as normal. Methods/design: This study is designed as a two-phase multi-method study, incorporating focus groups and a questionnaire survey. In phase one, qualitative methods will be used to collect the views of a purposive sample of HCWs, to determine the range of factors associated with their responses to the prospect of working through pandemic influenza. In phase two, the findings from the focus groups, combined with the available literature, will be used to inform the design of a survey to determine the generalisability of these factors, enabling the estimation of the likely proportion of HCWs affected by each factor, and how likely it is that they would be willing and/or able to continue to work during an influenza pandemic. Discussion: There are potentially greater than normal health risks for some healthcare workers working during a pandemic, and these workers may be concerned about infecting family members/ friends. HCWs will be as liable as other workers to care for sick family members and friends. It is vital to have information about how motivated HCWs will be to continue to work during such a crisis, and what factors might influence their decision to work/not to work. Through the identification and subsequent management of these factors it may be possible to implement strategies that will alleviate the concerns and fears of HCWs and remove potential barriers to working