Aerosol and its radiative effects during the aeroradcity 2018 Moscow experiment

During the AeroRadCity-2018 spring aerosol experiment at the Moscow State University Meteorological Observatory the aerosol properties of the atmosphere and radiative aerosol effects were analyzed using a wide complex of measurements and model COSMO-ART simulations over Moscow domain. The program of measurements consisted of columnar aerosol AERONET retrievals, surface PM10, black carbon (BC) and aerosol gas precursors mass concentrations, as well as radiative measurements under various meteorological conditions. We obtained a positive statistically significant dependence of total and fine aerosol optical depth (AOD) mode (R2 ~0.4) with PM concentrations. This dependence has revealed a pronounced bifurcation point around PM10=0.04 mgm-3. The modelled BC concentration is in agreement with the observations and has a pronounced correlation with PM, but not with the AODs. The analysis of radiative effects of aerosol has revealed up to 30% loss for UV irradiance and 15% - for shortwave irradiance at high AOD in Moscow. Much intensive radiation attenuation is observed in the afternoon when remote pollution sources may affect solar fluxes at elevated boundary layer conditions. Negative (cooling) radiative forcing effect at the top of the atmosphere from -18 Wm-2 to -4 Wm-2 has been evaluated. Mean difference in visible AOD between urban and background conditions in Moscow and Zvenigorod was about 0.01 according to measurements and model simulations, while in some days the difference may increase up to 0.05. The generation of urban aerosol was shown to be more favorable in conditions with low intensity of pollutant dispersion, when mean deltaAOD550 was doubled from 0.01 to 0.02

Appropriate prevention of vitamin D deficiency in the population of the Irkutsk region

Purpose of the study. To determine the influence of climatic and geographical factors of the Irkutsk region on the risk of hypovitaminosis D in children and adults. Patients and methods. The contents of 25(OH)D-3 in the blood of children and adults (3261 samples) were evaluated. The materials were obtained in the Diagnostic Center of the region and the InVitro laboratory. Results of monitoring of ultraviolet radiation and precipitation in the Irkutsk region for 2014-2015 were analyzed according to ground and satellite measurements. Results. The Irkutsk region is in the zone of ultraviolet insufficiency during the period from September-October to March-May. The status of the metabolite of vitamin D - 25(oH)D3 in the population of the region is low, especially in adolescents and people older than 70 years. 68 % of children have vitamin D deficiency. Activity of 25(oH)D3 depends on meteorological factors, especially the level of precipitation and the intake of vitamin D. For each geographical area of the region, time intervals were calculated for the formation of vitamin D in the skin under the influence of ultraviolet radiation and time intervals for the intake of vitamin D preparations. The exposure time in the sun was calculated for the formation of vitamin D for individuals with different skin phototypes, depending on the degree of its openness

Kinetic and DFT Studies on the Mechanism of C−S Bond Formation by Alkyne Addition to the [Mo3S4(H2O)9]4+ Cluster

Reaction of [Mo3(μ3-S)(μ-S)3] clusters with alkynes usually leads to formation of two C−S bonds between the alkyne and two of the bridging sulfides. The resulting compounds contain a bridging alkenedithiolate ligand, and the metal centers appear to play a passive role despite reactions at those sites being well illustrated for this kind of cluster. A detailed study including kinetic measurements and DFT calculations has been carried out to understand the mechanism of reaction of the [Mo3(μ3-S)(μ-S)3(H2O)9]4+ (1) cluster with two different alkynes, 2-butyne-1,4-diol and acetylenedicarboxylic acid. Stoppedflow experiments indicate that the reaction involves the appearance in a single kinetic step of a band at 855 or 875 nm, depending on the alkyne used, a position typical of clusters with two C−S bonds. The effects of the concentrations of the reagents, the acidity, and the reaction medium on the rate of reaction have been analyzed. DFT and TD-DFT calculations provide information on the nature of the product formed, its electronic spectrum and the energy profile for the reaction. The structure of the transition state indicates that the alkyne approaches the cluster in a lateral way and both C−S bonds are formed simultaneously

Overview: Recent advances in the understanding of the northern Eurasian environments and of the urban air quality in China – a Pan-Eurasian Experiment (PEEX) programme perspective

The Pan-Eurasian Experiment (PEEX) Science Plan, released in 2015, addressed a need for a holistic system understanding and outlined the most urgent research needs for the rapidly changing Arctic-boreal region. Air quality in China, together with the long-range transport of atmospheric pollutants, was also indicated as one of the most crucial topics of the research agenda. These two geographical regions, the northern Eurasian Arctic-boreal region and China, especially the megacities in China, were identified as a “PEEX region”. It is also important to recognize that the PEEX geographical region is an area where science-based policy actions would have significant impacts on the global climate. This paper summarizes results obtained during the last 5 years in the northern Eurasian region, together with recent observations of the air quality in the urban environments in China, in the context of the PEEX programme. The main regions of interest are the Russian Arctic, northern Eurasian boreal forests (Siberia) and peatlands, and the megacities in China. We frame our analysis against research themes introduced in the PEEX Science Plan in 2015. We summarize recent progress towards an enhanced holistic understanding of the land–atmosphere–ocean systems feedbacks. We conclude that although the scientific knowledge in these regions has increased, the new results are in many cases insufficient, and there are still gaps in our understanding of large-scale climate–Earth surface interactions and feedbacks. This arises from limitations in research infrastructures, especially the lack of coordinated, continuous and comprehensive in situ observations of the study region as well as integrative data analyses, hindering a comprehensive system analysis. The fast-changing environment and ecosystem changes driven by climate change, socio-economic activities like the China Silk Road Initiative, and the global trends like urbanization further complicate such analyses. We recognize new topics with an increasing importance in the near future, especially “the enhancing biological sequestration capacity of greenhouse gases into forests and soils to mitigate climate change” and the “socio-economic development to tackle air quality issues”

Оценка рациональности затрат на лечение тяжелой внебольничной пневмонии в условиях многопрофильног о стационара

Purpose — to study rationality of financial expenses on the treatment of patients with the severe pneumonia.Materials and methods. It was selected 30 medical histories of patients with severe community-acquires pneumonia passing hospitalization in pulmonology department and department of intensive care in 2004, 2011 and 2014. The frequency analysis was applied to studying the structure of the carried-out drug treatment and identification of frequency of the separate medicinal preparations. We have data about the cost of drug which were received from the database of «1C: Drugstore» of regional clinical hospital.Results. Expenses on the treatment of severe community-acquires pneumonia according to 2014 year are rational, 92.23% of expenses are vitally necessary drug entering into modern clinical references. According to the ABC/VEN analysis during the period from 2004 till 2014 we found positive dynamics of increase of expenditure of money at category V. The appreciable attention should be paid to the treatment of accompanying pathology in the therapy of severe communityacquires pneumonia which can make heavier a current of basic disease and become the reason of complications, often fatal. Costs of the medicinal preparations for treatment of the accompanying pathology in 2014 year was made 6.27% that it is necessary to consider at advance planning of provision of medicines in pulmonology department.Conclusion. The results received by us testify about rational use of financial costs on treatment of patients with severe community-acquires pneumonia.Цель — изучить рациональность финансовых затрат на лечение пациентов с тяжелым течением пневмонии.Материалы и методы. Было отобрано по 30 историй болезни пациентов с тяжелой внебольничной пневмонией, проходивших стационарное лечение в отделении пульмонологии и реанимации в 2004, 2011 и 2014 гг. Для изучения структуры проводимого медикаментозного лечения и выявления частоты назначения отдельных лекарственных препаратов применялся частотный анализ. Провести анализ рациональности лекарственной терапии и затрат на нее позволил ABC/VEN-анализ. Сведения о стоимости лекарственных препаратов получены из базы данных ККБ «1С: Аптека».Результаты. Затраты на лечение тяжелой внебольничной пневмонии, по данным 2014 г., рациональны, 92,23% затрат приходится на жизненно-важные лекарственные препараты, входящие в современные клинические рекомендации. В ходе проведенного ABC/VEN-анализа за период с 2004 по 2014 г. выявлена положительная динамика увеличения расходования денежных средств на катергорию V. В терапии тяжелой внебольничной пневмонии значительное внимание должно уделяться лечению сопутствующей патологии, которая может утяжелять течение основного заболевания и стать причиной осложнений, зачастую фатальных. Затраты на лекарственные препараты для лечения сопутствующей патологии в 2014 г. составили 6,27%, что необходимо учитывать при перспективном планировании лекарственного обеспечения отделения пульмонологии.Заключение. Полученные нами результаты свидетельствуют о рациональном использовании финансовых затрат на лечение пациентов с тяжелым течением пневмони

Клинико-функциональные предикторы неконтролируемого течения бронхиальной астмы

The purpose of our work was to describe clinical and functional predictors of uncontrolled asthma. Methods. Two hundred and eighty patients with mild to severe asthma have been selected in 2009 – 2011. A comprehensive examination was performed at baseline and 5 years later. The odds ratio and confidence intervals for potential causative factors of uncontrolled asthma were calculated. Results. Inadequate asthma therapy, smoking and upper airway diseases were significant factors in patients with moderate asthma. Age > 60 years, comorbid ischaemic heart disease (IHD) and hypertension, and inadequate asthma therapy were statistically significant predictors of asthma control in patients with severe asthma. In 5 years of follow-up, prevalence of IHD and hypertension has increased. Conclusion. Poor asthma control is unusual in patients with asthma. Potential reasons of uncontrolled asthma course were determined.Бронхиальная астма (БА) является одним из самых распространенных заболеваний. Однако у большей части больных, несмотря на наличие схем лечения, контролируемого течения БА достичь не удается. Целью данного исследования явилось выявление основных клинико-функциональных предикторов неконтролируемого течения БА. Материалы и методы. В 2009–2011 гг. набрана группа пациентов с БА (n = 280) различной степени тяжести. У всех больных проводилось полное клинико-функциональное обследование – в 2009–2011 гг. и в динамике через 5 лет. Также выполнялись развернутый и биохимический анализы крови, определение цитокинового профиля и артериальной ригидности; исследование функции внешнего дыхания с помощью спирометрии и бодиплетизмографии. Анализировались показатели работы сердечно-сосудистой системы по данным электрокардиографии, эхокардиографии, проводилась неинвазивная артериография. Оценивались эластические и функциональные свойства аорты во время анализа характеристик пульсовой волны. Результаты. С помощью расчета значений отношения шансов и доверительного интервала выявлены возможные причины неконтролируемого течения БА в зависимости от тяжести. Выявлена значительная роль неадекватной базисной терапии, курения и ЛОР-патологии у больных среднетяжелой БА. Показано, что наиболее значимыми статистически значимыми причинами, влияющими на достижение контроля над БА тяжелого течения, являются возраст старше 60 лет, сопутствующие ишемическая болезнь сердца (ИБС) и гипертоническая болезнь (ГБ), а также неадекватная базисная терапия. Помимо этого, в динамике через 5 лет отмечается рост заболеваемости ГБ и присоединение ИБС различных форм. Заключение. У больных БА установлены низкий уровень контроля и возможные связанные с этим причины

Pan-Eurasian Experiment (PEEX): Towards a holistic understanding of the feedbacks and interactions in the land-Atmosphere-ocean-society continuum in the northern Eurasian region

The northern Eurasian regions and Arctic Ocean will very likely undergo substantial changes during the next decades. The Arctic-boreal natural environments play a crucial role in the global climate via albedo change, carbon sources and sinks as well as atmospheric aerosol production from biogenic volatile organic compounds. Furthermore, it is expected that global trade activities, demographic movement, and use of natural resources will be increasing in the Arctic regions. There is a need for a novel research approach, which not only identifies and tackles the relevant multi-disciplinary research questions, but also is able to make a holistic system analysis of the expected feedbacks. In this paper, we introduce the research agenda of the Pan-Eurasian Experiment (PEEX), a multi-scale, multi-disciplinary and international program started in 2012 (https://www.atm.helsinki.fi/peex/). PEEX sets a research approach by which large-scale research topics are investigated from a system perspective and which aims to fill the key gaps in our understanding of the feedbacks and interactions between the land-Atmosphere-Aquatic-society continuum in the northern Eurasian region. We introduce here the state of the art for the key topics in the PEEX research agenda and present the future prospects of the research, which we see relevant in this context