Effects of Segmentation and Step Sampling on Apodized Fiber Bragg Grating

Practical implementation of apodized fiber Bragg grating results in approximation to the apodization profile. In this study, these profiles are simulated by sampling and segmentation. Segmenting an ideal profile is basically producing its corresponding piecewise linear profile. The number of segments varies with the error value, which is defined as the maximum absolute difference between the segmented profile and the ideal one. The relationship between the error and the number of segments is found to be one to many. To study the process normal and DWDM gratings have been considered. The quality of the fiber Bragg gratings was investigated through the maximum reflectivity, the SLSR, and the bandwidth of the normal gratings, the insertion loss, the bandwidth, and the crosstalk parameters for the DWDM gratings. Some of the results are wlexpected. Segmentation enhances the quality of the gratings for some error values. For example, side lobe suppression ratio for normal grating apodized with segmented profile is improved by around 5.8dB at error of 0.015 compared to the grating apodized with smooth function. An enhancement of 0.5% on the maximum reflectivity is also achieved for these normal gratings. For DWDM gratings the insertion loss is decreased by an amount of 0.002dB and the adjacent crosstalk is improved by an amount of around 2.5dB for some approximated Cosine apodization profile. The study was also done to investigate the sampling effect. Sampling rate was varied for a fixed value of the maximum error. The study showed a good grating quality over a wide range of sampling. This would have an impact of relaxing the practical implementation of such process. In order to explain the results obtained, a criteria was formulated. This is based on the integration of error function. This criterion was instrumental in explaining the results

Can Cause-Related Marketing (CRM) ‘Light’ up the Brand Image? An Insight into the Perceptions of Jordanian Consumers

The main aim of this research study is to examine the influence of Cause-Related Marketing (CRM) campaigns on the perceived brand image, brand loyalty and intention to buy among Jordanian customers. A self-administered questionnaire was distributed to 300 shoppers by using convenience sampling in Amman, Jordan. The results of the study showed that CRM is mainly used by corporations in order to demonstrate their commitment to charitable behavior and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). The study revealed that customers in Jordan understand the underlying idea and purpose of CRM practice and have clear perceptions and attitudes about it. Keywords: Cause-Related Marketing (CRM), Brand Image, Purchase Intention, Solidarity Purchase, Brand Loyalty, Consumer Buying Behavior, Commitment to Society. JEL Classifications: M31 DOI: 10.7176/EJBM/12-36-02 Publication date: December 31st 202

Growth Response of Buffel Grass (Cenchrus ciliaris) to Phosphorus and Mycorrhizal Inoculation

Arbuscular-mycorrhizal symbiosis confers numerous benefits to host plants including improved tolerance to abiotic and biotic stresses. Although the majority of grasses form an arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis, little is known of the mycorrhization of Buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris). A pot study was conducted in sterilized soil to determine the effect of mycorrhizal inoculation and phosphorus amendment on the biomass production in C. ciliaris. Mycorrhizal fungi used were Gigaspora rosea, Glomus intraradices and Glomus etunicatum. Inoculation with Gigaspora rosea alone, and combined incoculation with Glomus intraradices + Gigaspora rosea and Glomus intraradices + Glomus etunicatum signifi cantly (P<0.05) increased dry biomass in unamended and 25 kg P2O5 ha-1 treatments. Combined inoculation with Glomus intraradices + Gigaspora rosea and Glomus intraradices + Glomus etunicatum showed pronounced (P<0.05) eff ect on dry biomass compared to inoculation with Gigaspora rosea alone in unamended and 25 kg P2O5 ha-1 treatments. Combined inoculation with Glomus intraradices + Glomus etunicatum resulted in signifi cantly (P<0.05) higher dry biomass campared to the combined inoculation with Glomus intraradices + Gigaspora rosea and inoculation with Gigaspora rosea alone in unamended and 25 kg P2O5 ha-1 treatments. Th e results clearly show that inoculation of C. ciliaris plants with mycorrhizal fungi Gigaspora rosea, Glomus intraradices and Glomus etunicatum is highly benefi cial for the growth and biomass production in the absence or presence of P2O5 under sterile soil conditions. Inoculation of C. ciliaris plants with these mycorrizal fungi may help in forage production in marginal and shallow soils of the rangelands of Pakistan

Optimization of Micro Multi-Carrier Energy Hub Operation Under Uncertain Predictions

Finding an optimal schedule(s) for the buildings’energy equipment cluster is vital to realize sustainabledevelopment and energy-saving goals. However, high-impactuncertainties pose critical challenges in this regard. To relaxthese challenges, this paper develops an optimization model foroperating the buildings’ energy equipment cluster underuncertain predictions whose principal elements are the energyhub (EH) concept and the two-point estimate (TPE) method.The EH concept is used to find levels of the degree of freedomfor optimization by modeling efficiently how multi-carrierenergy resources and demands can be connected through thiscluster of converters, conditioners, storage, and others. The TPEmethod is, however, used to improve the reliability androbustness of the model’s predictions, leading to better decisionmakingunder uncertainty. The TPE method integrates highimpactuncertainties related to multi-carrier energy prices anddemands and the production capacity of renewable energyresources in optimization. The proposed optimization model hasbeen applied to an industrial building, and its sufficiency andprofitableness are examined in different scenarios

SCREENING OF SYNTHETIC NEW HETEROCYCLIC DERIVATIVES OF 3- FORMYL-4-HYDROXYCOUMARIN FOR ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY IN ALBINO RATS

Coumarins have multiple biological activities; various coumarin-related derivatives arerecognized as inhibitors of the lipoxygenase and cycloxygenase pathways of arachidonatemetabolism. Several natural or synthetic coumarins with various hydroxyl and other substituteswere found to inhibit lipid peroxidation and to scavenge hydroxyl radical and superoxide anionand to influence processes involving free radical mediated injury. The heterocyclic derivatives of3-formyl-4-hydoxycoumarin were found to present significant anti-inflammatory effect, thecompounds inhibited formalin induced hind paw edema and they also significantly suppressedthe formation of granuloma tissue in cotton pellet induced chronic model of inflammation. Theresult showed that the anti-inflammatory (both acute &amp; chronic) effect of the test compound Ib iscomparable to that of standard Antiinflammatory drug Diclofenac Sodium

Influence of Natural Zeolite and Mineral additive on Bacterial Self-healing Concrete: A Review

With time, the development of micro-cracks in concrete is a frequently reported problem in the structures due to the ingress of harmful substances, leading to the degradation of its quality and strength, which ultimately declines the construction. The present work is a review paper based on enhancing the self-healing property of concrete by inducing different bacteria alone or incorporating different mineral additives. It has been seen that various rehabilitated methodologies are in queue to surmount concrete’s weaknesses and to increase its strength and durability. The latest methodology includes using non-pathogenic microbes in concrete as Microbial induced Calcium Carbonate Precipitation (MICCP). The property of precipitating calcium carbonate (CaCO3) crystals by their metabolic activities helps repair the cracks in harsh conditions and improve their strength. Ureolytic bacteria like Bacillus pasteurii/Sporosarcina pasteurii, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus megaterium, etc., have a specific property by which they can excite urea when integrated with a calcium source and help in sealing the cracks by CaCO3 precipitation. Different studies have observed that specimens having a bacterial concentration of 105-107 cells/ml with Natural Zeolite (NZ) replacement (10%) represents better interaction of the microstructure of concrete because of the formation of calcium silicate hydrate (CSH) gel. Further, the reduction in CH bond with reduced pore space has also been observed. NZ alone enhances micro-structural property, but it shows CaCo3 precipitation and more densification of microstructure under bacterial combination. XRD also confirms an increase in the calcite composition when the bacterial concentration of 105-107 cells/ml is used. The overall properties of standard and high-strength bacterial concrete (105-107 cells/ml) with 10% Natural Zeolite replacement can provide a better option for the future of sustained and strong concrete. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2022-08-05-015 Full Text: PD

Characterizations of *-Lie derivable mappings on prime *-rings

Let R be a *-ring containing a nontrivial self-adjoint idempotent. In this paper it is shown that under some mild conditions on R, if a mapping d : R → R satisfies d([U*, V]) = [d(U)*, V] + [U*, d(V)] for all U, V ∈ R, then there exists ZU,V ∈ Z(R) (depending on U and V), where Z(R) is the center of R, such that d(U + V) = d(U) + d(V) + ZU,V. Moreover, if R is a 2-torsion free prime *-ring additionally, then d = ψ + ξ, where ψ is an additive *-derivation of R into its central closure T and ξ is a mapping from R into its extended centroid C such that ξ(U + V) = ξ(U) + ξ(V) + ZU,V and ξ([U, V]) = 0 for all U, V ∈ R. Finally, the above ring theoretic results have been applied to some special classes of algebras such as nest algebras and von Neumann algebras