The Comparison of Job Stress among Dental Professionals of Dentistry Faculty Members of Tabriz University

Several studies have so far focused on occupational stress among dentists and the results have shown that many factorscan cause stress. However, the level of stress among experts in the fields of dentistry has not yet been studied in Iran.The aim of this study is to examine the causes and levels of job stress among dental professionals in Tabriz University ofMedical Sciences. This cross-sectional study included all dental professionals of Dentistry Faculty; an overall of 55 subjectsin Tabriz were studied in this research and their level of stress was evaluated using “The Health and Safety ExecutiveManagement Standards Indicator Tool” (HSE stress questionnaire) from September up to October 2014. The level of stressin each dental specialty was examined descriptively (mean, standard deviation). Statistical analysis was performed usingSPSS 20. The findings of the study showed that the highest stress among dental professionals from different fields wasobserved in the field of oral and maxillofacial radiology; fields of oral medicine, endodontics, oral and maxillofacial surgeryand pediatric dentistry ranked later. The lowest stress was seen among orthodontics specialists. Based on the results of thepresent study, the rate of job stress varied significantly among dental professionals

Mediterranean Adequacy Index in Young People in Syria

Objective: To assess, the degree of adherence to Mediterranean Diet (MD) in Syrian young people, and studying the effect of some variables on Mediterranean Adequacy Index (MAI) value and its comparison with other studies in Spain and Mediterranean area. Background: It has been observed that the Syrian population, especially the young ones, are abandoningthe (MD), which affects in long term their health, the same has been observed in Spanish youth. The longitudinal study of the “seven counties” involved active rural population in Italy, was firstly demonstrated the progressively abandoning of MD. Methods: The sample under the study was 204 young people (41.7% men and 58.3% women) in the area of Damascus (65% were students). They filled in a semi-quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire, then the Mediterranean Adequacy Index (MAI) was computed by dividing the sum in gram of typical Mediterranean food Groups (Cereals, Legumes, Fruits,Fish), by the sum in gram of non-typical Mediterranean food groups (Meats, Eggs, Cookies and cakes, dairy). It was used the SPSS program to study the correlation between the variables and MAI of the sample. Results: The average MAI of the young sample was (1.17) which is lower than another study in Spanish young people and much lower than 7.2 in Italy several decades ago. Those results demonstrated that the young Syrian are abandoning the Mediterranean Diet as well asnthe Spanish young people. The caloric profile has changed over time that results in lower consumption of carbohydratesand higher consumption of protein and lipids, similar to almost Mediterranean area. Moreover the war has an impact onthe type of food consumed which affect MAI. The lipid profile (measured by the cocient of intake of Mono UnsaturatedFatty Acids (MUFA) and Poly Unsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFA) divided by Saturated Fatty Acids (SFA) of the sample was 3.71 better than other studies in Spain 1,69, 1,71 (the recommended value should be > 2). This illustrates a moderate consumption of olive and vegetable oil, but poor consumption of meat and eggs in contrast of Spanish diet

Pharmacodynamics Drug Interactions of Metformin with Aspirin and Nifedipine

Metformin is now being recognized as the standard therapy in T2D patients who are overweight. Metformin has many drug-disease interactions that can increase the risk of metformin-associated lactic acidosis. Therefore this study was conducted to evaluate any possible pharmacodynamic interactions between metformin and drugs used to treat chronic diseases e.g. Hypertension. The rats were fasted overnight before inducing diabetes with streptozotocin. The rats were given an intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (50 mg kg−1) freshly prepared in 0.1M sodium citrate buffer. The diabetic state was confirmed 72 h after streptozotocin injection. Diabetic rats were grouped into seven groups each group of five rats and distributed among the normal control group diabetic control group and the treatment groups. The treatment continued for 10 days. Blood samples were taken before treatment and after 10 days and analyzed for serum glucose, cholesterol, HDL, LDL, and triglycerides. In the diabetic control group which was given STZ alone the blood glucose level decreased significantly (p < 0.05) after 10 days but still above the hyperglycemic level (200mg/dl). The same was observed in the group treated with metformin. The group treated with nifedipine and aspirin showed significant reduction (p < 0.01) in the glucose level below the hyperglycemic level (200mg/dl). While the groups treated with (Metformin + Nifedipine) and (Metformin +Aspirin) showed highly significant reduction (P<0.001) in blood glucose level. These results conclude that the combination of (metformin +Nifedipine) and the combination of (Metformin + Aspirin) have highly significant hypoglycemic effect. It also showed that Nifedipine has promising role in reducing blood glucose level, lipid profile especially LDL-cholesterol, and body weight

Comparison of 1 versus 3 Days Post-operative Catheterization after Anterior Colporrhaphy

With attention to the fact that after anterior colporrhaphy surgery and stitches on vaginal mucus, inserting urinary catheter is requested, according to scientific references and in order to prevent from urinary retention, it has been said that the catheter should be inserted for 3 days. But inserting the catheter leads to infections of bladder and pain. So, in the present study, we compared the removal of the catheter 24 hours versus 72 hours after the surgery, considering urinary infections, urinary retention, patient’s ease and hospitalization. Within two groups of 70 patients, which has been assimilated based on basic factors (devided into two groups accidently with excel table) urinary catheter fixed for 1 and 3 days. After that, patients were compared considering urinary retention, urinary infections and the rate of patient satisfaction. Urinary retention was 28.6% in the test group and 22.9% in a controlling group which was not statistically meaningful (P=0.78). Urinary infections were 22.9% in the test group and 34.3% in the controlling group (P=0.42) and the rate of patient’ssatisfactions was 57.1% in the test group and 40% in controlling group (P=0.23). The hospitalization period in the test group and in the control group was 2.91±0.61 and 3.94± 0.59 days respectively with a significant difference (P=0.001). The results showed that short time catheterization is more satisfactory in comparison long catheterizations

Financial and Economic Criteria for Evaluating the Performance of Pharmacies

Improving the economic performance of pharmacies need to economic and financial indicators. Despite this necessity, economic and financial performance indicators have not been identified comprehensively in the pharmacy setting. Thus the aim of this study is to determine the economic and financial performance assessment criteria of the pharmacies by specialist’s point of view. This study is a qualitative study in which experts and professional’s point of view were gathered by focus group discussion. 15 health system experts were selected by purposive sampling approach. Data from focus group discussions (FGD) were analyzed by thematic analysis method. Twelve main themes in two scopes were obtained to assess the economic and financial performance of the pharmacy by review of specialists view. These themes are waste rate, profitability, cost control, financial management, economic and political issues, pharmacist, doctor, medical insurance, management system, pharmaceutical companies, cultural issues and public or private administration system of pharmacy.Based on the results of this study, the most important criteria to evaluate the financial and economic performance of pharmacies were identified. These results can be used for to economic and financial performance evaluation of pharmacies

Individual and External Catalysts and Barriers of Biking: A Community Based Study in a Metropolis

Biking has proven health, environmental and traffic benefits. To prevail biking at community infrastructures and "BicycleSharing Systems (BSS)" have been developed, but their effectiveness is dependent on people's attitudes and perceptions.We aim to investigate attitudes of people toward biking and related infrastructures with regard to demographic factors inMashhad, Iran-a metropolis with unsuccessful BSS. The present work was conducted as a cross-sectional study at Mashhad,Iran, in 2015. In a multistage sampling, adult inhabitants were selected and data about their perceptions of benefits andbarriers of biking were collected through a researcher-designed questionnaire. Of 437 study participants with a mean(±SD) age of 29.9 (±11.3) years, 250 (57.3%) were female. Only 3 (0.7%) of respondents used bikes. Positive attitudeswere significantly associated with gender, marital status and occupation of participants. Car ownership was accompaniedby higher perceptions of "tiredness of biking"(p=0.02), its "low safety" (p=0.02) and "time wasting" (p=0.01). According tothe results, cultural interventions are needed for biking promotion regardless of their socioeconomic status. Educationalprograms at academic settings are also valuable. Safety, convenience, and affordability of different groups of populations(like elderly and deprived people) should be regarded during designing and constructing biking infrastructures and settingparticipation rules

Physiological and Ethological Disruptions Induced by a Mixture of Saccharose/Sucralose 99.5/0.5 - A Study on Ants as Models

Experiments made on ants as biological models revealed that a saccharose/sucralose 95.5/.05 mixture increased sugar water consumption, decreased general activity, precision of reaction, audacity, brood caring, cognition and ability in acquiring visual conditioning (short term memory), induced aggressiveness against nestmates, and slightly reduced tactile perception. It may not change the speed of locomotion and did not affect middle and long term memory. The adverse effects may be related to the strong sugared taste of the mixture (in presence of sugar and the saccharose/sucralose mixture, the ants slightly preferred the mixture) though it contains little sugar, and to the toxic chloropropanols sucralose may produce. When ants consumed again sugar instead of a saccharose/sucralose mixture, their aggressiveness rapidly decreased during eight hours and entirely vanished in 29 hours

The Effects of the Roy’s Adaptation Model on Primigravida Women’s Self-Concept: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Most women do not have a positive self-concept and impression about themselves during pregnancy because they become less active and gain more weight. Self-concept significantly contributes to individuals’ mental health. This controlled trial was performed to assess the effect of an intervention based on the Roy’s adaptation model on self-concept among primigravida women. This study was conducted on a random sample of 83 Iranian primigravida women. Women in the experimental group received educational and counseling services in five sessions held in five consecutive weeks. Thereafter, they received a four-week follow-up care. Before the intervention, there were no significant differences between the two groups regarding adaptation knowledge and self-concept adaptation. However, after the intervention, these differences were statistically significant. The Roy’s adaptation model has positive effects on primigravida women’s physical and interpersonal self-concept adaptation. Given its simplicity and easy applicability, this model can be used for improving pregnancy-related outcomes

Prevalence of Cardiac Depression and its Related Factors among Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome

Cardiac depression is one of the most common psychological reactions of patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS).This study aimed to determine the prevalence of cardiac depression and its related factors among patients with ACS. Thiscross-sectional study was conducted during 2016 in patients with ACS who were admitted to hospitals affiliated to theMazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Iran. In the present study, 407 patients completed the Cardiac DepressionScale (CDS) within two months (March - June). The data were analyzed by a chi-square test and a general linear modelmultivariate analysis. According to the results, the mean cardiac depression score in patients with ACS was 109.00 ± 16.49(CI95: 107.39 to 110.60). Among the participants, 37 (9.1%), 72 (17.7%), and 298 (73.2%) patients had mild, moderate,and severe levels of depression, respectively. Although the two-way ANOVA was not significant, but there was a differencebetween cardiac depression score of a type of ACS. Given the high prevalence of cardiac depression among these patients,it is necessary to develop measures for routine screening in cardiac treatment units

Prevalence of Substance Abuse/Alcohol Consumption and their Predictors among Patients Admitted in Operating Rooms of a General Educational Hospital, Tehran, Iran

Substance/alcohol abuse is an important public health threat in most countries. Social stigmatization and legal restrictions prevent accurate and direct estimate of prevalence of substance/alcohol abuse in Iran. This study aimed to estimate of the prevalence of alcohol and substance use among Iranian patients who were admitted to operating rooms of a general hospital in Tehran and identified risk factors that may predict alcohol and substance use. This cross-sectional study was conducted among all consecutive patients who were admitted to 16 operating rooms in Vali-e-Asr General Educational Hospital (Tehran, Iran) during March 2014 to September 2015. Data were derived from a medical history form prior to operation by trained nurses who were working in the operating rooms. Among 1136 patients admitted to operating rooms, 105 (28.7%) men and 21 (2.7%) women were substance/alcohol users. The main substance of abuse was opium (57.3%) followed by alcohol consumption (25.6%) and water pipe smoking (14.8%). Cigarette smoking was reported by 110 (30.1%) men and 21 (2.7%) women. Sex, cigarette smoking and family history of alcohol and substance abuse predicted 42.3% of the variance in substance abuse/alcohol consumption. Substance use, especially opium, alcohol, water pipe tobacco and cigarette smoking were found to be significantly high particularly among male patients. Being a man, current cigarette smoking and having a first-degree family member who had abused substances should be considered when planning preventive or therapeutic programs