Noms d’especes naturelles

L’article traite du stéréotype en le présentant comme phrases encyclopédique du dictionnaire. L’auteur donne des exemples tirés des dictionnaires différents. On accorde une attention particulière aux rapports entre le stéréotype et le prototype. La stéréotypie et la phraséologie sont également examinées du point de vue discursif et culture

Proton-conducting membranes based on CsH2PO4 and copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene with vinylidene fluoride

In this work, proton conductivity, morphology and mechanical properties of (1–x)CsH2PO4–xF-42 (x=0.05–0.3, weight ratio) membranes were investigated for the first time. Thin flexible membranes for x≥0.15 with the uniform distribution of the components were obtained by a tape casting method. Mechanical properties of the membranes were measured by Vickers microhardness tests for a low polymer content (x˂0.15), also the tensile strength for membranes with high polymer content x=0.2–0.3 were evaluated. Proton conductivity of the (1–x)CsH2PO4–xpF-42 composite polymer electrolytes decreases monotonically with increasing x due to the effect of a «conductor-insulator» percolation. The combination of conductivity, mechanical strength and hydrophobic properties of (1–x)CsH2PO4–xF-42 makes certain compositions of proton-conducting membranes (x~0.2–0.25) promising for their use in intermediate-temperature fuel cells, despite decreased conductivity

Positively Correlated miRNA-miRNA Regulatory Networks in Mouse Frontal Cortex During Early Stages of Alcohol Dependence

Although the study of gene regulation via the action of specific microRNAs (miRNAs) has experienced a boom in recent years, the analysis of genome-wide interaction networks among miRNAs and respective targeted mRNAs has lagged behind. MicroRNAs simultaneously target many transcripts and fine-tune the expression of genes through cooperative/combinatorial targeting. Therefore, they have a large regulatory potential that could widely impact development and progression of diseases, as well as contribute unpredicted collateral effects due to their natural, pathophysiological, or treatment-induced modulation. We support the viewpoint that whole mirnome-transcriptome interaction analysis is required to better understand the mechanisms and potential consequences of miRNA regulation and/or deregulation in relevant biological models. In this study, we tested the hypotheses that ethanol consumption induces changes in miRNA-mRNA interaction networks in the mouse frontal cortex and that some of the changes observed in the mouse are equivalent to changes in similar brain regions from human alcoholics. Results: miRNA-mRNA interaction networks responding to ethanol insult were identified by differential expression analysis and weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA). Important pathways (coexpressed modular networks detected by WGCNA) and hub genes central to the neuronal response to ethanol are highlighted, as well as key miRNAs that regulate these processes and therefore represent potential therapeutic targets for treating alcohol addiction. Importantly, we discovered a conserved signature of changing miRNAs between ethanol-treated mice and human alcoholics, which provides a valuable tool for future biomarker/diagnostic studies in humans. We report positively correlated miRNA-mRNA expression networks that suggest an adaptive, targeted miRNA response due to binge ethanol drinking. Conclusions: This study provides new evidence for the role of miRNA regulation in brain homeostasis and sheds new light on current understanding of the development of alcohol dependence. To our knowledge this is the first report that activated expression of miRNAs correlates with activated expression of mRNAs rather than with mRNA downregulation in an in vivo model. We speculate that early activation of miRNAs designed to limit the effects of alcohol-induced genes may be an essential adaptive response during disease progression.NIAAA 5R01AA012404, 5P20AA017838, 5U01AA013520, P01AA020683, 5T32AA007471-24/25Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Researc

The importance of professional skills competitions for the training of specialists of industrial

The training of highly qualified specialists in working professions is the main problem at present. The system of competitions of professional skill and its importance for the training of highly skilled workers is shown and analyzed. The experience of the Russian State Pedagogical University in solving the existing problem is given on the example of the competence «Welding technologies»Подготовка высококвалифицированных специалистов по рабочим профессиям – основная проблема в настоящее время. Показана и проанализирована система конкурсов профессионального мастерства и ее значение для подготовки высококвалифицированных рабочих. Приведен опыт РГППУ в решении существующей проблемы на примере компетенции «Сварочные технологии

The main approaches to the formation socially important qualities of students in social-cultural activities

The article considers the main approaches to the formation of socially significant qualities of students – citizenship, familyship, spirituality, self-development. These qualities will help person to adapt in a constantly changing world and will provide future professional self-confidence, self-sufficiency, the ability to find appropriate solutions to a problems. The proposed model of the formation of these qualities in the studying process of students in a technical University.Рассмотрены основные подходы к формированию социально значимых качеств личности студентов – гражданственности, семейственности, духовности, стремлению к саморазвитию, помогающих человеку адаптироваться в постоянно меняющемся конкурентном мире и обеспечивающих будущему профессионалу уверенность в себе, самодостаточность, умение находить адекватные способы решения проблем. Предложена модель формирования данных качеств в процессе обучения студентов в техническом вузе

Налогообложение доходов физических лиц в контексте проблем социальной справедливости

The subject. The leading position of the personal income tax in most countries is due to a number of circumstances. First, it is a personal tax, the object of which is the income actually received by the payer, and not the estimated average income that could be received in specific economic conditions. Second, income tax allows to maximize the implementation of the basic principles of taxation - universality and uniformity. In recent decades, national regimes of personal income taxation regimes have been actively developed both in foreign countries and in Russia.Purpose of the study. The article shows the results of analysis of the framework of personal income taxation in the Russian Federation in the context of the principle of the social fairness. Dealing with selected provisions of the national legislation of European countries and Russia the article shows that elements of progressive taxation can be applied only in particular aspects. The proposals of taxation of rich taxpayers are also brought into light. Methodology. The research was carried out with the application of the formally legal interpretation of legal acts as well as the comparative analysis of Russian and European legal literature. Structural and systemic methods are also the basis of the research,The main results. After studying the European experience of personal income taxation the authors come to the conclusion that some of the ideas described can be transferred to the Russian tax legislation, but this should be done with caution. It is not necessary to introduce a progressive tax system in its pure form in the Russian Federation, but it is worth considering options for switching to a dualistic system. The authors believe that the elements of borrowing foreign experience should be aimed rather at a fair distribution of benefits, for example, through rules that fix tax benefits.Conclusions. The following proposals can be formulated to improve the legal regulation of personal income taxation in the Russian Federation: the distinction between taxation of taxpayers with ultra-high incomes and those with minimal incomes should be based not on the income criterion, but on the expenditure criterion; to establish a non-taxable minimum in the amount of the minimum wage, which will ensure tax fairness for taxpayers with lower-average incomes; to review the criteria of taxation of luxury vehicles, raising the border separating the mass and premium segments of the Russian car market by at least two times - up to 6 million rubles. The best solution would be to abolish the vehicle tax and impose an increased excise tax on fuel and lubricants for personal transport.Рассматривается правовое регулирование налогообложения доходов физических лиц в Российской Федерации в контексте проблем социальной справедливости. На основании сравнительного анализа опыта стран ЕС и ОЭСР делается вывод о том, что элементы заимствования зарубежного опыта должны быть нацелены скорее на справедливое распределение благ, например с помощью норм, закрепляющих налоговые льготы. Ставки налога должны быть максимально эффективными, обеспечивать принципы определенности и справедливости налогообложения. Кроме того, результаты сравнительного анализа опыта государств - членов ЕС показывают неэффективность прогрессивной шкалы подоходного налогообложения как инструмента борьбы с социальным неравенством. По итогам исследования сделан вывод о том, что за основу разграничения налогообложения налогоплательщиков со сверхвысокими доходами и с минимальными доходами необходимо взять не критерий дохода, а критерий расходов

ПОВЫШЕНИЕ ТОЧНОСТИ И РАСШИРЕНИЕ ФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНЫХ ВОЗМОЖНОСТЕЙ ЦИФРОВЫХ ФИЛЬТРОВ НА ОСНОВЕ ЧАСТОТНОЙ ВЫБОРКИ

The  method  of  expansion  of  set  of  analyzing  frequencies  with  digital  filters,  based  on  frequency selection, was suggested. The way of increasing of measurement precision using this class of filters was investigated.  The  conformal  generalization  of  structure  of  filters  based  on  frequency  selection  and  the standard nonrecursive comb filter are the base of this method. This method can be used in different fields of research where the task of determination of hide periodicities is actual.Предложен метод расширения множества анализируемых частот цифровыми фильтрами на основе частотной выборки. Рассмотрен способ повышения точности измерения этим классом фильтров спектров сигналов. В основе предложенного подхода лежит согласованное обобщение структур фильтров на основе частотной выборки и стандартного нерекурсивного гребенчатого фильтра. Предложенный метод может найти широкое применение при решении задач выявления скрытых периодичностей

Implementation of joint investment projects with China in Belarus

The article considers the largest investment projects implemented in Belarus together with Chinese partners and based on Chinese credit resources. The problems and possible risks associated with the implementation of projects were analyzed. Proposals have been made to improve the efficiency of credit and investment cooperation

To question the quality of higher education

In the period of formation of new requirements to the system of higher education related to the digital economy, it is necessary to take a fresh look at the problem of the quality of Russian higher education. The quality of education each of its participants (state, society, institution of higher education, the individual) has its own requirements. The most popular audience of education are students of higher education institutions, so it is important to identify their opinion about the current state of higher education.В период формирования новых требований к системе высшего образования, связанных с цифровой экономикой, необходимо по-новому взглянуть на проблему качества российского высшего образования. К качеству образования каждый из его участников (государство, общество, учреждение высшего образования, индивид) предъявляет свои требования. К наиболее массовой аудитории образования относятся студенты учреждений высшего образования, поэтому так важно выявить их мнение о современном состоянии высшего образования