Досрочное прекращение полномочий судьи как мера юридической ответственности: проблемы правового регулирования и правоприменения

The subject of the study is the theoretical, legislative and practical application problems of the early termination of a judge as a measure of legal responsibility. According to the authors' opinion there are several problems: the lack of scientific and legislative unity on the issue of the sectoral nature of this measure; the unsystematic, uncoordinated nature of legislation and law enforcement practice; the apparent discrepancy of the Law of the Russian Federation “On the Status of Judges in the Russian Federation” (hereinafter - the Status of Judges) which regulates the grounds and procedure for the early termination of the powers of a judge and the practice of its application to the fundamental principles of legal responsibility.The aim of this article is to make recommendations aimed at improving the legal regulation and practice of such a legal liability measure as early termination of the power of the judge.The methodology. The main method of research is the general scientific dialectical method of cognition, using universal scientific methods: analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, formal-logical and systemic. The specific scientific methods are applied: the formal legal method, the methods of legal modelling and the methods of forecasting.Main results and field of application. The authors concluded that the early termination of a power of judge, for whatever reason, is related to his or her illegal behaviour. It should be explicitly recognized as a measure of legal responsibility in the Status of Judges. It is necessary that the legal grounds for judge early termination meet the requirements of legal certainty. The application of this measure is based on the fundamental principles of legal responsibility: justice, humanism, legal equality, proportionality of the sanction to the degree of social danger of the act committed, individualization of the punishment, etc. The Status of Judges and the Regulation on the functioning of the qualification collegium of Judges should be supplemented by legal provisions governing the procedure for applying to a judge early termination as a measure of legal liability that does not involve the commission of a disciplinary offence. A fair, public and adversarial procedure must be used to ensure that judges in the high and medium courts can terminated early. The rules for this procedure must be laid down in federal constitutional law.Conclusions. The implementation of such proposals would lead to the formation of legislation and the law enforcement practice, consistent with the main principles of legal responsibility and the basic provisions of its theory. It would guarantee the fairness and predictability of decisions towards judges. Ultimately it would ensure an appropriate balance between the independence of judges and their accountability for gross and systematic violations incompatible with the status of judges.Рассматривая досрочное прекращение полномочий судьи в качестве меры юридической ответственности, авторы обращают внимание как на общетеоретические проблемы, вызванные отсутствием научного единства по вопросу отраслевой природы такой меры, так и на проблемы правового регулирования оснований и порядка ее применения. Анализ обширной практики Верховного Суда РФ, Высшей квалификационной коллегии судей РФ, квалификационных коллегий судей субъектов Российской Федерации позволил авторам выявить ряд проблем применения правовых норм, регулирующих вопросы досрочного прекращения полномочий судей. Делая вывод о несоответствии российского законодательства и правоприменительной практики основополагающим принципам юридической ответственности и базовым положениям ее теории, авторы формулируют предложения по их совершенствованию

Оценочные понятия – необходимое средство достижения конституционной идеи правовой определенности или фактор, приводящий к ее нарушению?

The subject of the research is the study of evaluative concepts included by the legislator in legal norms in order to ensure dynamic legal regulation of social relations. The problem of using evaluative concepts is of scientific interest, since the unreasonable inclusion of such concepts in the content of a legal norm can lead to a violation of the constitutional idea of legal certainty, and their interpretation and practical application to specific situations largely depends on the level of legal awareness of the law enforcer.The author aims to analyze approaches to understanding the category of “evaluative concepts”, identifies signs that characterize this category, its role in the legal regulation of social relations.The methodology of scientific research is represented by a complex of private scientific, formal legal, systemic and structural methods.The main results. The author establishes the features of the inclusion of evaluative concepts in the legal norms based on the analysis of the practice of the Russian Constitutional Court, provides interesting cases considered in the framework of the constitutional proceedings. In particular, the author provides examples of the inconsistency between established judicial practice and the practice of the Russian Constitutional Court, and also establishes the need to apply evaluative concepts in both private and public law.Conclusions. The inclusion of evaluative concepts in legal norms is relevant for many areas of law, which is due to the need to ensure the flexibility and dynamism of legal regulation. However, the possibility of their application should not be unlimited, since this may lead to a violation of the fundamental principles of law, including the principle of legal certainty.Исследуются оценочные понятия, включаемые законодателем в правовые нормы в целях обеспечения динамичного правового регулирования общественных отношений. Проблема использования оценочных понятий вызывает научный интерес, поскольку необоснованное включение таких понятий в содержание правовой нормы может повлечь за собой нарушение конституционной идеи правовой определенности, а их интерпретация и практическое применение к конкретным ситуациям во многом зависит от уровня правосознания правоприменителя. В статье проанализированы подходы к пониманию категории «оценочные понятия» и особенности их использования в различных сферах права на основе анализа практики Конституционного Суда РФ

Перипетии трансформации университетского юридического образования в первый период советской власти (1917 – 1920-е гг.)

The subject. The article examines the history of the formation of university legal education in a very difficult period of the first years of Soviet power (1917-1930), in which it was subjected to great trials.The purpose of the article is to reveal the causes, forms and confrontational nature of the relationship between the Soviet government and the university community in the first time after the October Revolution.Methodology. A series of structural experiments is analyzed, some of them are illustrated on materials, including archival ones, of Petrograd (Leningrad) University, which was at that time one of the largest universities in the country.Main results. The difficulties of transformation in 1918-1919 of law faculties of universities into legal departments of a new organizational form – faculties of social sciences are shown. Legal departments structurally included, as a rule, two cycles: judicial and administrative. The term of study was reduced to 3 years. Legal departments were created with the aim of forming new legal personnel for "socialist construction". The conditions of admission and the content of students' education are changing. In the beginning, absolutely everyone could study at universities, regardless of citizenship and gender, who had reached the age of 16. Entrance exams were canceled, even documents on secondary education were optional. The status of teachers has changed significantly. Lectures and seminars were mostly replaced by the "brigade-laboratory method" of teaching: the teaching material was studied by teams of a dozen students led by a foreman; the tasks involved independent study of literature and analysis of practical incidents; the teacher was involved in the process only if students had difficulties. Another innovation was the practice of students in justice institutions organized since 1922. However, the faculties of social sciences did not meet the expectations of the Soviet government and in the mid-1920s they were closed. Instead, faculties of Soviet law were opened at universities with two departments – judicial and economic and administrative. They were also closed in 1930-1931. Instead, specialized legal institutions were created under the jurisdiction of the People's Commissariat of Justice.Conclusions. Despite all the government search experiments with their mistakes and failures, the liquidation of university law faculties in the 1930s and early 1940s, since the 1940s, the training of lawyers at universities has nevertheless been resumed, continuing the traditions of the centuries-old domestic law school to provide the country with highly qualified legal personnel.Юридическое образование в первые годы советской власти подверглось большим испытаниям как правотворческого, так и правоприменительного характера. В статье раскрываются причины, формы и конфронтационный характер взаимоотношений между советской властью и университетским сообществом в первое время после Октябрьской революции, негативное отношение новой власти и профессорского корпуса друг к другу. Проанализирована череда структурных экспериментов, часть из них проиллюстрирована на материалах, в том числе архивных, Петроградского / Ленинградского университета, являвшегося в то время одним из крупнейших вузов страны. Прослежены особенности преобразования юридических факультетов в правовые отделения факультетов общественных наук, в том числе изменения условий приема и содержания обучения, статуса преподавателей. Проанализирована деятельность сменивших факультеты общественных наук факультетов советского права, раскрыты причины и последствия их закрытия в 1930 г

Принцип законности и положение «судья подчиняется закону» в контексте доктрины развития права contra legem

The research subject. This study focuses on the correlation between the doctrine of development of law contra legem and the principle of legality, with a specific emphasis on the position that “judge submits to the law”.The purpose of the research. The objective of this research is to examine the compatibility of the doctrine of development of law contra legem with the principle of legality and evaluate the applicability of the "fourteen-year-old child" formula in assessing legislative regulations.Methodology. This research utilizes a legal analysis and conceptual examination of the doctrine of development of law contra legem and the principle of legality. It also involves a comparative analysis of legal principles within the post-Soviet context.Main results of the research. The analysis reveals that strict adherence to the principle of legality may not always align with societal interests. The doctrine of development of law contra legem provides an exception to the principle, allowing judges to evaluate and challenge the illogicality or unfairness of legislative regulations. The "fourteen-year-old child" formula, with its low standards for determining such flaws, safeguards judicial independence and shields judges from potential political pressures.Scope of application. The findings of this research can be applied within the legal framework, particularly in post-Soviet jurisdictions, where the interplay between the principle of legality and the doctrine of development of law contra legem is of significant relevance.Conclusion. The strict fulfillment of the requirements of the law (legality) is not a goal, but a means of ensuring the certainty and stability of the rule of law, the harmonization of public life. Based on the doctrine of the development of law contra legem, the communication of the post-Soviet judge and legislator should be viewed from the perspective of a three-layered relationship of “subordination – cooperation – opposition”.Рассматривается соотношение доктрины развития права contra legem и принципа законности, положения «судья подчиняется закону». Анализируя принцип законности с точки зрения максимы «пусть гибнет мир, но торжествует закон», автор приходит к выводу, что неукоснительное выполнение требований закона (законность) – не цель, а средство. Если неукоснительное соблюдение принципа законности может иметь для общества губительное значение, то из принципа законности нужно сделать исключение и заявить: «пусть закон проиграет, но мир не погибнет».Все принципы права, включая принцип законности, имеют исключения. Единственным допустимым исключением из принципа законности и положения «судья подчиняется закону» является доктрина развития права contra legem.Постсоветский судья, основываясь на доктрине развития права contra legem, может оценить вопиющую нелогичность или несправедливость законодательного регулирования по формуле «четырнадцатилетнего ребенка», стандарты которого настолько низки, что избавят судью от возможной «агрессии» политической власти

Интеграция законодательства о противодействии налоговым преступлениям в Европейском Союзе: возможности и ограничения

The subject. The article examines the norms of the current tax and criminal legislation of the EU, the experience of which in the future may be in demand in the process of integrating the legal regulation systems of the EAEU states when developing issues of countering tax crimes. The subject of the article is to analyze the problems of: methodology of tax crime research in the EU and data sampling criteria; integration of national tax systems; definition of tax crime in the EU; spread of VAT fraud.Modern law enforcement practice is analyzed using the system-logical method, which indicates the complication of forms of tax evasion and concealment of actual financial and economic transactions.The main results. It is noted that the need for effective law enforcement to ensure the financial stability of states, to counteract distortions of competition resulting from tax evasion is due to the organized and highly structured nature of a significant part of tax crimes, the expansion of the scale of cross-border tax crimes involving foreign elements. The European legislation does not contain a definition of a tax offense as such, but contains a list of types of behavior with specific descriptions of prohibited behavior. It seems that national legislators deliberately preserve a certain amount of ambiguity between prohibited and permitted tax evasion, offering a broad definition of tax evasion, since narrow specifics in the definition of such offenses can lead to undesirable impunity, exclude a flexible approach in responding to changes in this area of legal relations.As a result of the application of the formal legal approach and comparative analysis, conclusions were obtained that, subject to careful preliminary research and practical verification, successful decisions in the field of combating tax evasion and tax fraud adopted in some jurisdictions can be used to improve the legislative provisions of other states.Рассматриваются нормы налогового и уголовного  законодательства ЕС, опыт применения которых в перспективе может быть востребован в процессе интеграции систем правового регулирования государств ЕАЭС при разработке вопросов противодействия налоговым преступлениям. Исследование показывает, что при условии тщательного предварительного анализа и практической проверки успешные решения в сфере борьбы с уклонением от уплаты налогов и налоговыми мошенничествами, принятые в одних юрисдикциях, могут быть использованы для совершенствования законодательных положений других государств

Оценка эффективности моделей стимулирующих правовых режимов предпринимательской деятельности в сфере цифровых инноваций и технологий

Subject. The article explores the issues of assessing the effectiveness of models of incentive legal regimes of entrepreneurial activity in the sphere of digital innovations and technologies.Purpose. The purpose of the study was to develop approaches to determining the effectiveness of incentive legal regimes of entrepreneurial activity in the field of digital innovation and technology, as well as to develop criteria and methods for evaluating existing models of these legal regimes.Methodology. The methodological basis of this study are general scientific methods (analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction), private scientific methods (interpretation of legal acts), as well as content analysis, study of reports and analytical references of governmental organizations.Results. The general approaches to assessing the effectiveness of law and legislation existing both in Russia and abroad are analyzed. The author defines the types of effectiveness of incentive legal regimes of entrepreneurial activity in the sphere of digital innovations and technologies, as well as their criteria. The author's methodology for assessing the effectiveness of incentive legal regimes in the sphere of digital innovations and technologies is proposed.Conclusions. The methodology proposed in this study for assessing the effectiveness of such legal regimes can be used as part of the actual impact assessment, and the conclusions reached by the authors may form the basis for further future research on legal regimes for entrepreneurial activity.Исследуются вопросы оценки эффективности моделей стимулирующих правовых режимов предпринимательской деятельности в сфере цифровых инноваций и технологий. Проанализированы общие подходы к оценке эффективности права и законодательства, существующие как в России, так и за рубежом. Определены виды эффективности стимулирующих правовых режимов предпринимательской деятельности в сфере цифровых инноваций и технологий, а также их критерии. Предложена авторская методика оценки эффективности стимулирующих правовых режимов в сфере цифровых инноваций и технологи

Современные тенденции в правовом регулировании медицинских осмотров работников, обеспечивающих движение транспорта

The subject of this study is the legal norms that establish the list of subjects to undergo compulsory medical examination, factors to be assessed during medical examination, as well as the procedure of medical examinations. The article is dedicated to the major aspects of the legal regulation of the procedure for medical examinations of workers engaged in the transportation.The purpose of the study is to identify trends in the legal regulation of medical examinations of workers engaged in the transportation, including those caused by the introduction of digitalization in these processes.Methodology. The empirical study consists of several stages. At the first stage, there was a sampling of types of transportation: road, railroad, water transportation and mass rapid transit. In the framework of the second stage the legislation regulating medical examinations of workers employed in these types of transport was analyzed using systemic, formal-legal and comparative-legal methods.The results of the study show that to date the legal regulation of the procedure of medical examinations using telemedicine technologies is being formed in some types of transportation. At the same time, the methods of medical examinations, indicators and psycho-traumatic factors have not been adjusted to the examination with digital technologies.Conclusions. There is a need for a differentiated approach to the legal regulation of medical examination of workers engaged in the transportation, depending on the type of transport. The authors draw attention to the outdated legal regulation of certain issues. For example, the list of professions of the ship staff of marine and inland water transport, the instruction on compulsory and periodic medical examinations was approved in 1989, and was canceled over 10 years ago.In connection with the growing interest in the development of high-speed railroad transportation, we believe that the regulations governing medical examinations of workers engaged in the transportation should be revised due to the need to include special norms establishing special studies or additional procedures required for admission to work in high-speed transportation.In addition, the authors suggest that employers should be granted the right to send their employees engaged in the transportation, whose employment contract has been suspended on the basis of the military service selection under mobilization of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, to take special medical examinations.Анализируется правовое регулирование порядка проведения медицинских осмотров работников, чья деятельность связана с движением транспорта. Особое внимание уделяется отсутствию единообразия в нормативных актах, регулирующих данный вопрос: работники различных видов транспорта должны проходить медицинский осмотр в различном порядке и с использованием различных технологий и способов, что вряд ли является оправданным. Отмечается, что действующее правовое регулирование не учитывает появление и активное развитие высокоскоростного транспорта – не устанавливает повышенные требования к работникам в данной сфере. Делается вывод о необходимости фиксации дополнительного основания направления работников, связанных с движением транспорта, на внеочередной медицинский осмотр – участие в мобилизации

Правовое регулирование межмуниципальной кооперации в европейских странах

The subject. Financial relations between municipal entities represent a crucial mechanism for enhancing the efficiency of public service delivery in European countries. Collaborative efforts among municipalities can lead to cost savings and the utilization of economies of scale. This is particularly prominent in countries with a high number of small municipalities. This article aims to identify effective forms of financial activities among municipalities across various cooperation domains and assess the applicability of international experience in the context of the Russian Federation.Methodology. This study analyzes various organizational forms of inter-municipal cooperation, drawing insights from different countries, including Switzerland (associations of districts and cantons), Slovakia (joint municipal institutions, municipal associations, associations of legal entities), and France (syndicates and districts). Special attention is paid to the experience of inter-municipal cooperation in Slovakia, where it is not only a vital component of local government but also a tool for project management, often funded by external sources.The main results, scope of application. The analysis of international experience in inter-municipal cooperation reveals diverse organizational models, each tailored to specific local contexts. Based on this analysis, the authors propose amendments and enhancements to Russian legislation. Implementation of these suggestions could enhance the efficiency of interactions among Russian municipal entities, improve planning capabilities, enhance labor productivity, and optimize public service expenditure.Conclusions. Inter-municipal cooperation, as demonstrated by various international models, offers valuable insights for Russia. Adapting and implementing lessons from abroad can lead to improved governance and resource allocation, ultimately resulting in enhanced service delivery and cost-effectiveness for the benefit of the Russian population.Правовое регулирование отношений, складывающихся между муниципальными образованиями, в Швейцарии, Франции, Словакии и Чехии рассматривается в контексте организационно-правовых форм их сотрудничества и вопросов осуществления финансовой деятельности с целью выявления эффективных форм финансовой деятельности муниципальных образований по различным направлениям сотрудничества, а также возможности применения исследуемого опыта в Российской Федерации. В результате проведенного анализа были выявлены различные организационные формы межмуниципальной кооперации: ассоциации округов и кантонов (Швейцария), совместные муниципальные учреждения, муниципальные объединения, ассоциации юридических лиц (Словакия), синдикаты и дистрикты (Франция). Особое внимание было уделено опыту межмуниципального сотрудничества в Словакии, которое рассматривается не только как важнейший элемент функционирования местных органов власти, но и как инструмент управления проектами, источниками финансирования которых являются внешние фонды

Правовой статус «молодой ученый» в Российской Федерации

The subject. The article presents a comprehensive analysis of the legal status of young scientists in the Russian Federation, taking into account the needs of the Russian scientific society for the reproduction of the scientific knowledge.The purpose of the research is to confirm or to reject the hypothesis of the necessity of the specific legal status of the young scientists in Russian academic law.Methodology. The formal legal method, the method of comparative legal analysis and method of systemic approach were used in the article.The main results. The research proves that the modern Russian academic community is in need of the young scientists due to the aging of the community. According to statistics, the lack of social guarantees and the low prestige of the academic profession result in a low percentage of PhD graduates in the recent years. The study concludes that there is no systematic approach to the definition of the status of a young scientist in the current Russian law. Although attempts to formalize the legal status of the young scientists have been made, they have so far not led to significant results. The authors conclude that the current legislation governing the legal status of young scientists should be harmonised. Analysis of the current legislation on the legal status of young scientists also reveals a number of complex issues. Social guarantees for young scientists, presented in the form of social housing, affect only a small proportion of the scientific community, while there are no laws granting preferential loans for young scientific workers. The participation of young scientists in grant support competitions is complicated due to the lack of a unified approach. Specific problems are faced by female scientists. A partial solution to the problem of the low prestige of the profession for both scientific and pedagogic workers, according to the authors of the article, lies in the foundation of a unified federal system of guarantied wages for such workers.Conclusions. Researchers conclude that a consistent approach to the legal status of young scientists and social guarantees, according to such status, can ensure the stable growth of young people in the sphere of scientific activity. In order to enhance the prestige of the profession of scientist among young people and to prevent the lack of scientific and pedagogical workers, researchers consider it necessary to take a number of measures, such as legal enshrinement of the status of a young scientists, development of a system of social guarantees, search for a new ways to measure the scientific activity of employees, formation of a stable system of postgraduate studies and creation of comfortable working conditions for young scientists.Проводится исследование правового статуса молодых ученых в Российской Федерации с учетом потребности российского научного общества в воспроизводстве научного знания. По результатам исследования делается вывод об отсутствии в действующих правовых нормах системного подхода к определению статуса молодого ученого. Проводится критический анализ подзаконных актов, предоставляющих социальные гарантии молодым ученым. Делается вывод о необходимости закрепления единого правового статуса молодого ученого на уровне федерального закона, приведения к единству с указанным федеральным законом иных правовых актов и расширения существующих мер поддержки молодых ученых

Опыт налогообложения выбросов углерода в европейских странах

The subject of the study is the carbon tax legislations of European countries.The purpose of the article is to identify the general consistent patterns of carbon taxation in a number of European countries: the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Norway, France, Sweden and Switzerland.The methodology of the research includes the analysis of the provisions of the carbon taxing legislation of these countries.The main results, scope of application. The analysis shows that the structure of the carbon tax in European countries has differences, but the predominant form of taxation is an excise tax on fuel. In Sweden and Switzerland the excise rate is in direct proportion to the carbon content of the fuel, however in the UK, Norway and France excise rates are set more voluntary. Each country countries grant exemptions for specific fuel uses and industries that they deem essential to protect from the exceeding tax burden. In the Netherlands, Norway and France, carbon/energy taxation is applied in addition to the emissions trading system. In all these countries, this is motivated by the evaluation of the latter as insufficient to attain the objectives of diminishing CO2 emissions. Based on the experience of these countries, there is no prevalent model for the arrangement of carbon / energy taxation. For instance, France imposes an energy tax as an excise tax, that is, a consumption tax. The UK levies excise taxes on the consumption of natural gas, LNG, coal and electricity, correlated to the amount of energy contained in these fuel products. Norway applies both an excise and an indirect output tax in the oil sector.  In the Netherlands, a carbon tax is levied on actual CO2 emissions (as far as they are accounted for under the EU ETS), but this tax only applies to ETS participants and only if the ETS prices are below the established level. Despite the high tax rates (up to 120 euros per ton of CO2 in Sweden and Switzerland), the significance of the carbon tax for the economies of the considered countries is low due to both low energy consumption and the high proportion of carbon-neutral energy sources such as hydroelectric, nuclear and biofuel.Conclusions. An analysis of the provisions of the carbon taxing legislations of various European countries revealed that these countries adopt such carbon tax schemes that optimize their administrative feasibility, public acceptability, and economic impact mitigation for vital sectors. At the same time, in the majority of countries, the carbon tax is implemented as an excise tax on fuel.В связи с актуальными инициативами Евросоюза по декарбонизации и трансграничному углеродному регулированию проанализирован опыт углеродного налогообложения в странах Европы. Отмечено, что в большинстве европейских стран углеродный налог представляет собой акциз на топливо. Примерами таких стран являются Великобритания, Норвегия, Франция, Швейцария и Швеция. Рассмотренные страны используют варианты углеродных налогов, которые наиболее подходят для них с точки зрения удобства администрирования, общественного восприятия, а также минимизации негативных последствий для ключевых отраслей экономики