Procena uticaja leptina, grelina i tiroidne funkcije na tip ishranjenosti dece i adolescenata

Energy homeostasis is the balance between energy input and expenditure. The neuroendocrine HPT axis has a main significance in this regulation. Anorexigenic (leptin) and orexigen (ghrelin) hormones have a key role in homeostatic regulation by energy intake control. Research aims: to determine and compare leptin, ghrelin, thyroid hormones and TSH concentrations in examinees with different nutritional status and to examine the correlation of leptin and ghrelin levels with investigated hormones. The research has been conducted at Clinic for children’s internal medicine in Nis, from January 2014 to February 2015. The prospective study included 88 children: obese, undernourished and control group divided based on BMI-SD. The results show that body mass at birth in the obese group was statistically significantly higher than in the group of the thin ones. The values of all listed anthropometric parameters have been the highest in the obese group, statistically significant compared to the values of both groups. The values of leptin, leptin/BM and leptin/ghrelin ratio are the highest in the obese group, all statistically significant in comparison to the thin ones. Values for ghrelin, ghrelin/BM and ghrelin/leptin ration are the highest in the thin ones, and the lowest in the obese ones. Except TSH, which is statistically significantly higher in the obese examinees compared to the control and thin group, there are no statistically significant differences between other parameters among groups. The obtained results point out that, for normal nutritional status, it is necessary to establish these two hormones balance. In this complex regulatory system, involving thyroid hormones, the genetic and environmental factors importance requuires the additional investigations. This is the first study which investigates ghrelin, leptin and thyroid hormones in different nutritional status types of children and adolescents in our country. The results provide better understanding of obesity and undernutrition disorders orexitropic hormonal regulation

INFLUENCE OF APPLYING THE DIFFERENT ACIDS FOR ADJUSTING THE DYEBATH pH IN THE PROCESS OF DYEING THE POLYESTER KNITWEAR WITH DISPERSE YELLOW 3

The influence of using formic, oxalic, citric and tartaric acid for adjusting the dyebath pH upon the dyeability of polyester knitwear dyed with Disperse Yellow 3 was investigated. CIELAB coordinates of the knitwear samples dyed with the addition of tested acids were assessed and compared to those dyed with the addition of acetic acid. The differences in dyeabilities obtained with the addition of citric and oxalic acid are acceptable according to both M&S 83A and CMC (2:1) standard and the difference in dyeability obtained with the addition of tartaric acid is acceptable according to CMC(2:1) standard in comparation to the dyeability obtained with the addition of acetic acid, at dye concentration of 1%. For the dye concentration of 2%, acceptable difference in dyeability, in comparation to the dyeability obtained with the addition of acetic acid, according to both M&S 83A and CMC (2:1) standard, was obtained with the addition of tartaric acid

In vitro biosinteza ohratoksina A kod izolata Aspergillus ochraceus E'G

This paper deals with the biosynthetic capacity for ochratoxin A (OTA) production by Aspergillus ochraceus E'G isolate derived from A. ochraceus CBS 108.08 strain, during 2007. Preliminary analysis of fungal potential for the production of OTA were performed according to the modified method of Filtenborg et al. (1983). Toxin production was tested in the following liquid media: (i) glucose-peptone-yeast extract broth (GPY - pH 5.6), (ii) potato-dextrose broth (PDB - pH 6.9), (iii) yeast extract-sucrose broth (YES - pH 6.5), and (iv) YES broth supplemented with 0.23 mg/l ZnSO4 x 5 H2O (YESZn - pH 6.5) after stationary and submerged cultivation. Dynamics of OTA biosynthesis was tested after the cultivation of A. ochraceus E'G on natural solid substrates, such as wet sterilized rice, corn and wheat grain. Cultivations were performed during different time periods (ranging from four days to few weeks) at different temperatures (ranging from 21°C to 30°C). The presence of OTA was determined as follows: (i) in liquid media according to the method of Balzer et al. (1978) modified by Bočarov-Stančić et al. (2003), and (ii) in the solid substrates according to the Serbian official methods for sampling and analyzing of fodder (Official Gazette of SFRY, No. 15/87). After the cultivation of A. ochraceus E'G isolate in liquid media, the highest yield of OTA (6.4 mg/l) was obtained after submerged cultivation in PDB (4 days, 128 rpm, 21-23°C). In the case of cultivation on solid substrates, the highest amount of OTA (800.0 mg/kg of dry matter) was recorded after several week long cultivation on wheat grain at 30±1°C.Ispitivanjem je bio obuhvaćen izolat Aspergillus ochraceus E'G izveden iz soja A. ochraceus CBS 108.08. Preliminarne analize prisustva ohratoksina A (OTA) su izvršene prema modifikovanoj metodi Filtenborg -a i sar. (1983) na agarizobanim podlogama. Proizvodnja toksina je testirana u sledećim tečnim podlogama: 1) glukoza-pepton-ekstrakt kvasca u bujonu (GPY - pH 5,6), 2) krompir - dekstroznom bujonu (PDB - pH 6,9), 3) ekstrakt kvasca - saharoznom bujonu (YES - pH 6,5) i 4) ekstrakt kvasca-saharoznom bujonu sa dodatkom 0,23 mg/l ZnSO4 x 5 H2O (YESZn - pH 6,5) u uslovima stacionarne i submerzne kultivacije. Dinamika biosinteze ohratoksina A praćena je nakon gajenja na prirodnim čvrstim supstratima (zrno pirinča, kukuruza i pšenice) tokom višenedeljne kultivacije. Ohratoksin A je izolovan iz tečnih podloga za kultivaciju i produkciju primenom metode Balzera i sar. (1978) modifikovane prema Bočarov-Stančić i sar. (2003), dok je kvantitacija OTA u prirodnim čvrstim supstratima izvršena prema Pravilniku o metodama uzimanja uzoraka i metodama fizičkih, hemijskih i mikrobioloških analiza stočne hrane ('Sl. list SFRJ', br. 15/87). Pri gajenju izolata A. ochraceus E'G u tečnim podlogama najveći prinos OTA je dobijen pri korišćenju PDB (6,4 mg/l) i to u uslovima submerzne kultivacije (4 dana, 128 o/min, 21-23°C). U slučaju kultivacije na zrnu žitarica najveću količinu OTA je izolat A. ochraceus E'G biosintetisao posle višenedeljne kultivacije na zrnu pšenice i 30±1°C (800,0 mg/kg)

What Kind of a Teacher Does Educational Policy Want: An Analysis of one European Document

In order to develop culture of kindergarten, as well as to design initial teacher education and to develop education policy, we need landmarks. Taking into account globalization trends and process of european integration, we are aware that educational policy of European Union has a significant impact on development of education field in countries that want to be a part of this community, such as Serbia. That is why we tried to discover what landmarks can be found in document of European Commission about teachers and their competences. The aim of our research was to discover how educational policy sees teachers in document Supporting teachers competence development (for better learning outcomes). We analyzed the content of document by categorizing analysis units according to the matrix by crossing two dimensions: autonomy of teachers (from tehnician to reflective practicioner) and value orientation in education (from economic and pragmatic to humanistic and critical). Categorisation was done two times. Analysis units were relevant terms and entire paragraphs. The results show that we have two dominant ideas about teachers, described as: 1. teacher as technician serving given economic values and the market and 2. teacher as critical, reflective practicioner who contributes to institutional and social change. The existence of two images of a teacher, which are not only different but contradictory, means that the document sends contradictory messages, and that, by itself, it can not be a clear orientation to understanding the practice and deciding on it. On the other hand, dialogue between teachers about different ways of understanding this and similar documents, its values and consequences, can lead them to understanding their own ideologies, profession and ways of developing culture of kindergarten. It is important to note that in this paper, teacher is understood in the broadest sense: preschool teacher, school teacher, educator

Seismic Efficiency for Simple Crater Formation in the Martian Top Crust Analog

The first seismometer operating on the surface of another planet was deployed by the NASA InSight (Interior Exploration using Seismic Investigations, Geodesy and Heat Transport) mission to Mars. It gives us an opportunity to investigate the seismicity of Mars, including any seismic activity caused by small meteorite bombardment. Detectability of impact generated seismic signals is closely related to the seismic efficiency, defined as the fraction of the impactor's kinetic energy transferred into the seismic energy in a target medium. This work investigated the seismic efficiency of the Martian near surface associated with small meteorite impacts on Mars. We used the iSALE‐2D (Impact‐Simplified Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian) shock physics code to simulate the formation of the meter‐size impact craters, and we used a recently formed 1.5 m diameter crater as a case study. The Martian crust was simulated as unfractured nonporous bedrock, fractured bedrock with 25% porosity, and highly porous regolith with 44% and 65% porosity. We used appropriate strength and porosity models defined in previous works, and we identified that the seismic efficiency is very sensitive to the speed of sound and elastic threshold in the target medium. We constrained the value of the impact‐related seismic efficiency to be between the order of ∼10‐7 to 10‐6 for the regolith and ∼10‐4 to 10‐3 for the bedrock. For new impacts occurring on Mars, this work can help understand the near‐surface properties of the Martian crust, and it contributes to the understanding of impact detectability via seismic signals as a function of the target media

Lower leg fractures treated with an external fixator at the Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology of the Clinical Hospital Center of Kosovska Mitrovica

IIntroduction: Fractures of the lower leg are frequent fractures of long bones that are of great importance in traumatology. The role of external fixation (SF) as a type of surgical treatment is significant and widely applied. There are 3 methods of using SF to treat tibial fractures: SF as primary and definitive treatment, SF combined with internal fixation, and conversion of SF to internal fixation. Objective: To show the possibilities of SF as a definitive way of treating lower leg fractures. Methods: In our paper, we analyzed 254 lower leg fractures treated with SF according to Mitković M20, which were treated at the Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology of CHC Kosovska Mitrovica. This series included 172 men or 68% of the total number of patients, and 83 or 32% women. Results: The average age of patients treated with this method is between the third and fourth decades of life. Falling on the leg with twisting of the table or the entire lower part of the leg is the most common type and cause of injuries in 69%. A closed lower leg fracture was diagnosed in 220 patients (A AO 59.%, B AO 26% and C AO 15%). Adequate position of the bone fragments was achieved by the closed reposition method in 190 (%), the average healing time was 18.4 weeks. In 93% of patients, we achieved bone union. Conclusion: The simple placement technique, the simplicity of the instrumentation, the wide range of indications where SF can be used, have led to the fact that it is a type of surgical treatment of great importance for lower leg fractures in small areas

Treatment fracture of the diaphisis humerus with functional plaster

Treatment of humerus fractures is divided into operative and non-operative treatment Fractures of the diaphysis of the humerus heal well. Surgeons today have many opportunities to treat them. The decision on the type of treatment to be applied depends on the location of the fracture, the existence of associated injuries, the age and the general condition of the patient. Non-operative treatment is most often applied, although there are fractures in which surgical intervention is necessary in order to perform healing and prevent complications. Non-operative treatment of fractures of the diaphysis of the humerus gives good results, with little angulation and minimal or no shortening of the arm. Adequate repositioning, appropriate plaster immobilization and regular X-rays heal the fracture within the allotted time. Disciplined early physical therapy in terms of circular movements prevents shoulder contracture and allows later physical therapy to last significantly shorter. Non-operative treatment lasts from 7-11,5 weeks

Metamizole: Current status of the safety and efficacy

Metamizole is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, with analgesic, antipyretic, spasmolytic, and weak anti-inflammatory properties. The analgesic effect of metamizole seems to be based on the inhibition of cyclooxygenase enzyme activity and stimulation of cannabinoid receptors. Its use is still controversial, mainly due to agranulocytosis, metamizole-induced serious adverse reaction. While in many countries it is withdrawn from the market, in some countries metamizole is available as a medication prescribed for strictly defined indications, while in the others like Mexico, Brazil and China it can be obtained as an Over-The-Counter drug. The most common adverse effects of metamizole are the skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders. Metamizole appears to be of similar efficacy to analgesics which are frequently used in the treatment of moderate to severe postoperative pain

The Seismic Moment and Seismic Efficiency of Small Impacts on Mars

Since landing in late 2018, the InSight lander has been recording seismic signals on the surface of Mars. Despite nominal prelanding estimates of one to three meteorite impacts detected per Earth year, none have yet been identified seismically. To inform revised detectability estimates, we simulated numerically a suite of small impacts onto Martian regolith and characterized their seismic source properties. For the impactor size and velocity range most relevant for InSight, crater diameters are 1–30 m. We found that in this range scalar seismic moment is 106–1010 Nm and increases almost linearly with impact momentum. The ratio of horizontal to vertical seismic moment tensor components is ∼1, implying an almost isotropic P wave source, for vertical impacts. Seismic efficiencies are ∼10−6, dependent on the target crushing strength and impact velocity. Our predictions of relatively low seismic efficiency and seismic moment suggest that meteorite impact detectability on Mars is lower than previously assumed. Detection chances are best for impacts forming craters of diameter >10 m

Lactococcus lactis LMG2081 Produces Two Bacteriocins, a Nonlantibiotic and a Novel Lantibiotic

Bacteriocin producers normally possess dedicated immunity systems to protect themselves from their own bacteriocins. Lactococcus lactis strains LMG2081 and BGBM50 are known as lactococcin G producers. However, BGBM50 was sensitive to LMG2081, which indicated that LMG2081 might produce additional bacteriocins that are not present in BGBM50. Therefore, whole-genome sequencing of the two strains was performed, and a lantibiotic operon (called lctLMG) was identified in LMG2081 but not in BGBM50. The lctLMG operon contains six open reading frames; the first three genes, lmgA, lmgM, and lmgT, are involved in the biosynthesis and export of bacteriocin, while the other three genes, lmgF, lmgE, and lmgG, are involved in lantibiotic immunity. Mutational analysis confirmed that the lctLMG operon is responsible for the additional antimicrobial activity. Specifically, site-directed mutation within this operon rendered LMG2081 inactive toward BGBM50. Subsequent purification and electrospray ionization-time of flight mass spectrometric analysis confirmed that the lantibiotic bacteriocin called lacticin LMG is exported as a 25-amino-acid peptide. Lacticin LMG is highly similar to the lacticin 481 group. It is interesting that a bacteriocin producer produces two different classes of bacteriocins, whose operons are located in the chromosome and a plasmid