UV variability in Moscow according to long-term UV measurements and reconstruction model

International audienceLong-term measurements of erythemally weighted UV irradiance (Qer) have been analyzed for the 1999?2006 period as well as UV variability according to reconstruction model since 1968. The estimates of different atmospheric parameters effects, including NO2 content, on Qer) have been obtained on seasonal and interannual scales. It has been shown that NO2 content in conditions of large megalopolis provides average Qer decrease of about 1.5?2%. The seasonal variations of the observed UV indices are discussed from the point of view of the impact on health. Using the reconstruction model we showed a distinct growth in Qer since 1980 due to decrease in total ozone (+2.5% per decade), effective cloud amount transmission (+2.1% per decade) and aerosol loading (+1.1% per decade). However, there is no changes in Qer over larger 1968?2006 period due to significant decrease in effective cloud amount transmission (?11% per decade) in 1968?1980

Tomographic Images of Klyuchevskoy Volcano P-Wave Velocity

Three-dimensional structural images of the P-wave velocity below the edifice of the great Klyuchevskoy group of volcanoes in central Kamchatka are derived via tomographic inversion. The structures show a distinct low velocity feature extending from around 20 km depth to 35 km depth, indicating evidence of magma ponding near the Moho discontinuity. The extensive low velocity feature represents, at least to some degree, the source of the large volume of magma currently erupting at the surface near the Klyuchevskoy group

Smoke aerosol and its radiative effects during extreme fire event over Central Russia in summer 2010

Different microphysical, optical and radiative properties of aerosol were analyzed during the severe fires in summer 2010 over Central Russia using ground measurements at two AERONET sites in Moscow (Meteorological Observatory of Moscow State University – MSU MO) and Zvenigorod (Moscow Region) and radiative measurements at the MSU MO. Volume aerosol size distribution in smoke conditions had a bimodal character with the significant prevalence of fine mode particles, for which effective radius was shifted to higher values (<i>r</i><aub>eff-fine</aub> = 0.24 μm against approximately 0.15 μm in typical conditions). For smoke aerosol, the imaginary part of refractive index (REFI) in the visible spectral region was lower than that for typical aerosol (REFI<sub>λ =675 nm</sub> = 0.006 against REFI<sub>λ =675 nm</sub> = 0.01), while single scattering albedo (SSA) was significantly higher (SSA<sub>λ =675 nm</sub> = 0.95 against SSA<sub>λ =675 nm</sub> ~ 0.9). Extremely high aerosol optical thickness at 500 nm (AOT500) was observed on 6–8 August reaching the absolute maximum on 7 August in Moscow (AOT500 = 6.4) and at Zvenigorod (AOT500 = 5.9). A dramatic attenuation of solar irradiance at ground was also recorded. Maximum irradiance loss had reached 64% for global shortwave irradiance, 91% for UV radiation 300–380 nm, and 97% for erythemally-weighted UV irradiance at relatively high solar elevation 47°. Significant spectral dependence in attenuation of solar irradiance in smoky conditions was mainly explained by higher AOT and smaller SSA in UV (0.8–0.9) compared with SSA in the visible region of spectrum. The assessments of radiative forcing effect (RFE) at the TOA indicated a significant cooling of the smoky atmosphere. Instant RFE reached −167 Wm<sup>−2</sup> at AOT500 = 6.4, climatological RFE calculated with August 2010 monthly mean AOT was about −65 Wm<sup>−2</sup>, compared with −20 Wm<sup>−2</sup> for typical aerosol according to the 10 yr period of measurements in Moscow

Aerosol and its radiative effects during the aeroradcity 2018 Moscow experiment

During the AeroRadCity-2018 spring aerosol experiment at the Moscow State University Meteorological Observatory the aerosol properties of the atmosphere and radiative aerosol effects were analyzed using a wide complex of measurements and model COSMO-ART simulations over Moscow domain. The program of measurements consisted of columnar aerosol AERONET retrievals, surface PM10, black carbon (BC) and aerosol gas precursors mass concentrations, as well as radiative measurements under various meteorological conditions. We obtained a positive statistically significant dependence of total and fine aerosol optical depth (AOD) mode (R2 ~0.4) with PM concentrations. This dependence has revealed a pronounced bifurcation point around PM10=0.04 mgm-3. The modelled BC concentration is in agreement with the observations and has a pronounced correlation with PM, but not with the AODs. The analysis of radiative effects of aerosol has revealed up to 30% loss for UV irradiance and 15% - for shortwave irradiance at high AOD in Moscow. Much intensive radiation attenuation is observed in the afternoon when remote pollution sources may affect solar fluxes at elevated boundary layer conditions. Negative (cooling) radiative forcing effect at the top of the atmosphere from -18 Wm-2 to -4 Wm-2 has been evaluated. Mean difference in visible AOD between urban and background conditions in Moscow and Zvenigorod was about 0.01 according to measurements and model simulations, while in some days the difference may increase up to 0.05. The generation of urban aerosol was shown to be more favorable in conditions with low intensity of pollutant dispersion, when mean deltaAOD550 was doubled from 0.01 to 0.02

Biomass burning emissions estimated with a global fire assimilation system based on observed fire radiative power

The Global Fire Assimilation System (GFASv1.0) calculates biomass burning emissions by assimilating Fire Radiative Power (FRP) observations from the MODIS instruments onboard the Terra and Aqua satellites. It corrects for gaps in the observations, which are mostly due to cloud cover, and filters spurious FRP observations of volcanoes, gas flares and other industrial activity. The combustion rate is subsequently calculated with land cover-specific conversion factors. Emission factors for 40 gas-phase and aerosol trace species have been compiled from a literature survey. The corresponding daily emissions have been calculated on a global 0.5° × 0.5° grid from 2003 to the present. General consistency with the Global Fire Emission Database version 3.1 (GFED3.1) within its accuracy is achieved while maintaining the advantages of an FRP-based approach: GFASv1.0 makes use of the quantitative information on the combustion rate that is contained in the FRP observations, and it detects fires in real time at high spatial and temporal resolution. GFASv1.0 indicates omission errors in GFED3.1 due to undetected small fires. It also exhibits slightly longer fire seasons in South America and North Africa and a slightly shorter fire season in Southeast Asia. GFASv1.0 has already been used for atmospheric reactive gas simulations in an independent study, which found good agreement with atmospheric observations. We have performed simulations of the atmospheric aerosol distribution with and without the assimilation of MODIS aerosol optical depth (AOD). They indicate that the emissions of particulate matter need to be boosted by a factor of 2–4 to reproduce the global distribution of organic matter and black carbon. This discrepancy is also evident in the comparison of previously published top-down and bottom-up estimates. For the time being, a global enhancement of the particulate matter emissions by 3.4 is recommended. Validation with independent AOD and PM10 observations recorded during the Russian fires in summer 2010 show that the global Monitoring Atmospheric Composition and Change (MACC) aerosol model with GFASv1.0 aerosol emissions captures the smoke plume evolution well when organic matter and black carbon are enhanced by the recommended factor. In conjunction with the assimilation of MODIS AOD, the use of GFASv1.0 with enhanced emission factors quantitatively improves the forecast of the aerosol load near the surface sufficiently to allow air quality warnings with a lead time of up to four days

Appropriate prevention of vitamin D deficiency in the population of the Irkutsk region

Purpose of the study. To determine the influence of climatic and geographical factors of the Irkutsk region on the risk of hypovitaminosis D in children and adults. Patients and methods. The contents of 25(OH)D-3 in the blood of children and adults (3261 samples) were evaluated. The materials were obtained in the Diagnostic Center of the region and the InVitro laboratory. Results of monitoring of ultraviolet radiation and precipitation in the Irkutsk region for 2014-2015 were analyzed according to ground and satellite measurements. Results. The Irkutsk region is in the zone of ultraviolet insufficiency during the period from September-October to March-May. The status of the metabolite of vitamin D - 25(oH)D3 in the population of the region is low, especially in adolescents and people older than 70 years. 68 % of children have vitamin D deficiency. Activity of 25(oH)D3 depends on meteorological factors, especially the level of precipitation and the intake of vitamin D. For each geographical area of the region, time intervals were calculated for the formation of vitamin D in the skin under the influence of ultraviolet radiation and time intervals for the intake of vitamin D preparations. The exposure time in the sun was calculated for the formation of vitamin D for individuals with different skin phototypes, depending on the degree of its openness

Kinetic and DFT Studies on the Mechanism of C−S Bond Formation by Alkyne Addition to the [Mo3S4(H2O)9]4+ Cluster

Reaction of [Mo3(μ3-S)(μ-S)3] clusters with alkynes usually leads to formation of two C−S bonds between the alkyne and two of the bridging sulfides. The resulting compounds contain a bridging alkenedithiolate ligand, and the metal centers appear to play a passive role despite reactions at those sites being well illustrated for this kind of cluster. A detailed study including kinetic measurements and DFT calculations has been carried out to understand the mechanism of reaction of the [Mo3(μ3-S)(μ-S)3(H2O)9]4+ (1) cluster with two different alkynes, 2-butyne-1,4-diol and acetylenedicarboxylic acid. Stoppedflow experiments indicate that the reaction involves the appearance in a single kinetic step of a band at 855 or 875 nm, depending on the alkyne used, a position typical of clusters with two C−S bonds. The effects of the concentrations of the reagents, the acidity, and the reaction medium on the rate of reaction have been analyzed. DFT and TD-DFT calculations provide information on the nature of the product formed, its electronic spectrum and the energy profile for the reaction. The structure of the transition state indicates that the alkyne approaches the cluster in a lateral way and both C−S bonds are formed simultaneously

Клинико-функциональные предикторы неконтролируемого течения бронхиальной астмы

The purpose of our work was to describe clinical and functional predictors of uncontrolled asthma. Methods. Two hundred and eighty patients with mild to severe asthma have been selected in 2009 – 2011. A comprehensive examination was performed at baseline and 5 years later. The odds ratio and confidence intervals for potential causative factors of uncontrolled asthma were calculated. Results. Inadequate asthma therapy, smoking and upper airway diseases were significant factors in patients with moderate asthma. Age > 60 years, comorbid ischaemic heart disease (IHD) and hypertension, and inadequate asthma therapy were statistically significant predictors of asthma control in patients with severe asthma. In 5 years of follow-up, prevalence of IHD and hypertension has increased. Conclusion. Poor asthma control is unusual in patients with asthma. Potential reasons of uncontrolled asthma course were determined.Бронхиальная астма (БА) является одним из самых распространенных заболеваний. Однако у большей части больных, несмотря на наличие схем лечения, контролируемого течения БА достичь не удается. Целью данного исследования явилось выявление основных клинико-функциональных предикторов неконтролируемого течения БА. Материалы и методы. В 2009–2011 гг. набрана группа пациентов с БА (n = 280) различной степени тяжести. У всех больных проводилось полное клинико-функциональное обследование – в 2009–2011 гг. и в динамике через 5 лет. Также выполнялись развернутый и биохимический анализы крови, определение цитокинового профиля и артериальной ригидности; исследование функции внешнего дыхания с помощью спирометрии и бодиплетизмографии. Анализировались показатели работы сердечно-сосудистой системы по данным электрокардиографии, эхокардиографии, проводилась неинвазивная артериография. Оценивались эластические и функциональные свойства аорты во время анализа характеристик пульсовой волны. Результаты. С помощью расчета значений отношения шансов и доверительного интервала выявлены возможные причины неконтролируемого течения БА в зависимости от тяжести. Выявлена значительная роль неадекватной базисной терапии, курения и ЛОР-патологии у больных среднетяжелой БА. Показано, что наиболее значимыми статистически значимыми причинами, влияющими на достижение контроля над БА тяжелого течения, являются возраст старше 60 лет, сопутствующие ишемическая болезнь сердца (ИБС) и гипертоническая болезнь (ГБ), а также неадекватная базисная терапия. Помимо этого, в динамике через 5 лет отмечается рост заболеваемости ГБ и присоединение ИБС различных форм. Заключение. У больных БА установлены низкий уровень контроля и возможные связанные с этим причины

Оценка рациональности затрат на лечение тяжелой внебольничной пневмонии в условиях многопрофильног о стационара

Purpose — to study rationality of financial expenses on the treatment of patients with the severe pneumonia.Materials and methods. It was selected 30 medical histories of patients with severe community-acquires pneumonia passing hospitalization in pulmonology department and department of intensive care in 2004, 2011 and 2014. The frequency analysis was applied to studying the structure of the carried-out drug treatment and identification of frequency of the separate medicinal preparations. We have data about the cost of drug which were received from the database of «1C: Drugstore» of regional clinical hospital.Results. Expenses on the treatment of severe community-acquires pneumonia according to 2014 year are rational, 92.23% of expenses are vitally necessary drug entering into modern clinical references. According to the ABC/VEN analysis during the period from 2004 till 2014 we found positive dynamics of increase of expenditure of money at category V. The appreciable attention should be paid to the treatment of accompanying pathology in the therapy of severe communityacquires pneumonia which can make heavier a current of basic disease and become the reason of complications, often fatal. Costs of the medicinal preparations for treatment of the accompanying pathology in 2014 year was made 6.27% that it is necessary to consider at advance planning of provision of medicines in pulmonology department.Conclusion. The results received by us testify about rational use of financial costs on treatment of patients with severe community-acquires pneumonia.Цель — изучить рациональность финансовых затрат на лечение пациентов с тяжелым течением пневмонии.Материалы и методы. Было отобрано по 30 историй болезни пациентов с тяжелой внебольничной пневмонией, проходивших стационарное лечение в отделении пульмонологии и реанимации в 2004, 2011 и 2014 гг. Для изучения структуры проводимого медикаментозного лечения и выявления частоты назначения отдельных лекарственных препаратов применялся частотный анализ. Провести анализ рациональности лекарственной терапии и затрат на нее позволил ABC/VEN-анализ. Сведения о стоимости лекарственных препаратов получены из базы данных ККБ «1С: Аптека».Результаты. Затраты на лечение тяжелой внебольничной пневмонии, по данным 2014 г., рациональны, 92,23% затрат приходится на жизненно-важные лекарственные препараты, входящие в современные клинические рекомендации. В ходе проведенного ABC/VEN-анализа за период с 2004 по 2014 г. выявлена положительная динамика увеличения расходования денежных средств на катергорию V. В терапии тяжелой внебольничной пневмонии значительное внимание должно уделяться лечению сопутствующей патологии, которая может утяжелять течение основного заболевания и стать причиной осложнений, зачастую фатальных. Затраты на лекарственные препараты для лечения сопутствующей патологии в 2014 г. составили 6,27%, что необходимо учитывать при перспективном планировании лекарственного обеспечения отделения пульмонологии.Заключение. Полученные нами результаты свидетельствуют о рациональном использовании финансовых затрат на лечение пациентов с тяжелым течением пневмони