La participación social como método de conservación. Estudio de caso en el área de conservación arenal Huetar norte de Costa Rica

Nota: Aquest document conté originàriament altre material i/o programari només consultable a la Biblioteca de Ciència i Tecnologia.El presente estudio se realiza con la intención de contribuir a establecer las bases para una buena gestión del territorio en el Área de conservación arenal Huetar norte de Costa Rica mediante la participación social; garantizando la conservación del capital natural y el desarrollo económico, social y ambientalmente sostenible. Para ello, se ha colaborado en la formación del Consejo Local del Corredor Biológico Ruta Los Malécu-Medio Queso (CL CBRLM-MQ) y del Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Caño Negro (RNVSCN), formado por una coalición social que tendrá el objetivo de gestionar su propio territorio. Con la intención de capacitar a los integrantes de este consejo, y a los pobladores de la Zona Norte de Costa Rica en general, y orientarlos hacia la buena gestión de los recursos naturales, se ha realizado un análisis detallado sobre su percepción sobre los Servicios Ecosistémicos de la región. El resultado de este proyecto, es un manual de educación y comunicación ambiental sobre los servicios ecosistémicos de la Zona Norte para el educador/a. Con este manual se pretende capacitar a los pobladores sobre el valor de los SE, todo con la finalidad de promover cambios de actitudes y de conductas que fomenten una relación respetuosa con la naturaleza para alcanzar el desarrollo sostenible de la región y de esta manera mejorar la calidad de vida de los habitantes de esta zona.El present estudi s'ha realitzat amb la intenció de contribuir a establir les bases per a una bona gestió del territori a l'Área de Conservación Arenal Huetar Norte de Costa Rica mitjançant la participació social, tot garantitzant la conservació del capital natural i el desenvolupament sostenible tan a nivell econòmic com social. Per aconseguir-ho s'ha col·laborat en la formació del Consell Local del Corredor Biològic Ruta Los Malécu-Medio Queso i del Refugi Nacional de Vida Silvestre Caño Negro, format per una coalició social que tindrà l'objectiu de gestionar el seu propi territori. Amb la finalitat de capacitar als integrants d'aquest consell, i als habitants de la zona nord de Costa Rica en general, i orientar-los en la bona gestió dels recursos naturals, s'ha realitzat un anàlisi detallat sobre la percepció que tenen sobre els serveis ecosistèmics de la regió. El resultat d'aquest projecte, es un manual d'educació i comunicació ambiental sobre els serveis ecosistèmics de la zona nord dirigit a l'educador/a. Amb aquest manual es pretén capacitar als habitants sobre el valor dels serveis ecosistèmics amb l'objectiu de promoure canvis d'actituds i de conductes que fomentin una relació respectuosa amb la natura per tal d'assolir el desenvolupament sostenible de la regió i d'aquesta manera millorar la qualitat de vida dels habitants d'aquesta zona.The study presented here is realized in order to contribute to establish the basis of good land management in the 'Área de Conservación Arenal-Huetar Norte' (ACA-HN) of Costa Rica. This is done through an active participation of the whole society, which guarantees the conservation of the natural capital and a social, economic and environmental development. It is precisely for this reason that we have collaborated on the education and training of the 'Corredor Biológico Ruta Los Malécu-Medio Queso' Local Council as well as on the formation of the 'Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Caño Negro', which is formed by a social alliance with the objective of administrating their own territory. In this sense, a detailed analysis on people's perception about the regional Ecosystem Services (SE) has been realised in order to direct all the members of the above mentioned Council and guide them towards the best natural resource management. The result of this project is an environmental education and communication guide about the Northern Ecosystem Services to help the teacher. This guide aims to make the inhabitants aware of the great value of the SE. It also wants to promote a significant change in people's attitudes by encouraging them to have a respectful attitude with Nature. Only in this way, they will be able to achieve a good regional sustainable development and improve their quality of life

Geographical variation of multiplex ecological networks in marine intertidal communities

Understanding the drivers of geographical variation in species distributions, and the resulting community structure, constitutes one of the grandest challenges in ecology. Geographical patterns of species richness and composition have been relatively well studied. Less is known about how the entire set of trophic and non‐trophic ecological interactions, and the complex networks that they create by gluing species together in complex communities, change across geographical extents. Here, we compiled data of species composition and three types of ecological interactions occurring between species in rocky intertidal communities across a large spatial extent (~970 km of shoreline) of central Chile, and analyzed the geographical variability in these multiplex networks (i.e., comprising several interaction types) of ecological interactions. We calculated nine network summary statistics common across interaction types, and additional network attributes specific to each of the different types of interactions. We then investigated potential environmental drivers of this multivariate network organization. These included variation in sea surface temperature and coastal upwelling, the main drivers of productivity in nearshore waters. Our results suggest that structural properties of multiplex ecological networks are affected by local species richness and modulated by factors influencing productivity and environmental predictability. Our results show that non‐trophic negative interactions are more sensitive to spatially structured temporal environmental variation than feeding relationships, with non‐trophic positive interactions being the least labile to it. We also show that environmental effects are partly mediated through changes in species richness and partly through direct influences on species interactions, probably associated to changes in environmental predictability and to bottom‐up nutrient availability. Our findings highlight the need for a comprehensive picture of ecological interactions and their geographical variability if we are to predict potential effects of environmental changes on ecological communities

The marine fish food web is globally connected

The productivity of marine ecosystems and the services they provide to humans are largely dependent on complex interactions between prey and predators. These are embedded in a diverse network of trophic interactions, resulting in a cascade of events following perturbations such as species extinction. The sheer scale of oceans, however, precludes the characterization of marine feeding networks through de novo sampling. This effort ought instead to rely on a combination of extensive data and inference. Here we investigate how the distribution of trophic interactions at the global scale shapes the marine fish food web structure. We hypothesize that the heterogeneous distribution of species ranges in biogeographic regions should concentrate interactions in the warmest areas and within species groups. We find that the inferred global metaweb of marine fish—that is, all possible potential feeding links between co-occurring species—is highly connected geographically with a low degree of spatial modularity. Metrics of network structure correlate with sea surface temperature and tend to peak towards the tropics. In contrast to open-water communities, coastal food webs have greater interaction redundancy, which may confer robustness to species extinction. Our results suggest that marine ecosystems are connected yet display some resistance to perturbations because of high robustness at most locations.Using a global interaction dataset, the authors quantify the distribution of trophic interactions among marine fish, finding a high degree of geographic connectivity but low spatial modularity.C.A. was supported by a MELS-FQRNT Postdoctoral Fellowship and a Ressources Aquatique Québec (RAQ) fellowship during the conception and writing of this manuscript. T.P., D.G. and D.B.S. acknowledge financial support by the CIEE through their working group programme. M.B.A. is funded through FCT project No. PTDC/AAG-MAA/3764/2014. A.R.C. is funded by a Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) PGS-D scholarship. D.G., T.P., M.-J.F., P.A. and S.J.L. are supported by NSERC Discovery Grants. T.P. also acknowledges a FRQNT New Investigator award and a Université de Montréal starting grant. D.B.S. acknowledges support from the Royal Society of New Zealand (via Marsden Fast-Start No. UOC-1101 and a Rutherford Discovery Fellowship)

Ecological network complexity scales with area

Larger geographical areas contain more species—an observation raised to a law in ecology. Less explored is whether biodiversity changes are accompanied by a modification of interaction networks. We use data from 32 spatial interaction networks from different ecosystems to analyse how network structure changes with area. We find that basic community structure descriptors (number of species, links and links per species) increase with area following a power law. Yet, the distribution of links per species varies little with area, indicating that the fundamental organization of interactions within networks is conserved. Our null model analyses suggest that the spatial scaling of network structure is determined by factors beyond species richness and the number of links. We demonstrate that biodiversity–area relationships can be extended from species counts to higher levels of network complexity. Therefore, the consequences of anthropogenic habitat destruction may extend from species loss to wider simplification of natural communities.This work was supported by the TULIP Laboratory of Excellence (ANR-10-LABX-41 and 394 ANR-11-IDEX-002-02) to J.M.M., by a Region Midi-Pyrenees project (CNRS 121090) to J.M.M., and by the FRAGCLIM Consolidator Grant (726176) to J.M.M. from the European Research Council under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program. The study was also supported by Spanish MICINN projects CGL2009-12646, CSD2008-0040 and CGL2013-41856 to J.B. and A.R. C.E. was funded through the São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP 2015/15172-7). V.A.G.B. was funded by National Funds through FCT—Foundation for Science and Technology under the Project UIDB/05183/2020. W.T. received funding from the ERA-Net BiodivERsA—Belmont Forum, with the national funder Agence National pour la Recherche (FutureWeb: ANR-18-EBI4–0009 and BearConnect: ANR-16-EBI3-0003).Peer reviewe

La participación social como método de conservación. Estudio de caso en el área de conservación arenal Huetar norte de Costa Rica

El presente estudio se realiza con la intención de contribuir a establecer las bases para una buena gestión del territorio en el Área de conservación arenal Huetar norte de Costa Rica mediante la participación social; garantizando la conservación del capital natural y el desarrollo económico, social y ambientalmente sostenible. Para ello, se ha colaborado en la formación del Consejo Local del Corredor Biológico Ruta Los Malécu-Medio Queso (CL CBRLM-MQ) y del Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Caño Negro (RNVSCN), formado por una coalición social que tendrá el objetivo de gestionar su propio territorio. Con la intención de capacitar a los integrantes de este consejo, y a los pobladores de la Zona Norte de Costa Rica en general, y orientarlos hacia la buena gestión de los recursos naturales, se ha realizado un análisis detallado sobre su percepción sobre los Servicios Ecosistémicos de la región. El resultado de este proyecto, es un manual de educación y comunicación ambiental sobre los servicios ecosistémicos de la Zona Norte para el educador/a. Con este manual se pretende capacitar a los pobladores sobre el valor de los SE, todo con la finalidad de promover cambios de actitudes y de conductas que fomenten una relación respetuosa con la naturaleza para alcanzar el desarrollo sostenible de la región y de esta manera mejorar la calidad de vida de los habitantes de esta zona.El present estudi s’ha realitzat amb la intenció de contribuir a establir les bases per a una bona gestió del territori a l'Área de Conservación Arenal Huetar Norte de Costa Rica mitjançant la participació social, tot garantitzant la conservació del capital natural i el desenvolupament sostenible tan a nivell econòmic com social. Per aconseguir-ho s’ha col·laborat en la formació del Consell Local del Corredor Biològic Ruta Los Malécu-Medio Queso i del Refugi Nacional de Vida Silvestre Caño Negro, format per una coalició social que tindrà l’objectiu de gestionar el seu propi territori. Amb la finalitat de capacitar als integrants d’aquest consell, i als habitants de la zona nord de Costa Rica en general, i orientar-los en la bona gestió dels recursos naturals, s’ha realitzat un anàlisi detallat sobre la percepció que tenen sobre els serveis ecosistèmics de la regió. El resultat d’aquest projecte, es un manual d’educació i comunicació ambiental sobre els serveis ecosistèmics de la zona nord dirigit a l’educador/a. Amb aquest manual es pretén capacitar als habitants sobre el valor dels serveis ecosistèmics amb l’objectiu de promoure canvis d’actituds i de conductes que fomentin una relació respectuosa amb la natura per tal d’assolir el desenvolupament sostenible de la regió i d’aquesta manera millorar la qualitat de vida dels habitants d’aquesta zona.The study presented here is realized in order to contribute to establish the basis of good land management in the ‘Área de Conservación Arenal-Huetar Norte’ (ACA-HN) of Costa Rica. This is done through an active participation of the whole society, which guarantees the conservation of the natural capital and a social, economic and environmental development. It is precisely for this reason that we have collaborated on the education and training of the ‘Corredor Biológico Ruta Los Malécu-Medio Queso’ Local Council as well as on the formation of the ‘Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Caño Negro’, which is formed by a social alliance with the objective of administrating their own territory. In this sense, a detailed analysis on people’s perception about the regional Ecosystem Services (SE) has been realised in order to direct all the members of the above mentioned Council and guide them towards the best natural resource management. The result of this project is an environmental education and communication guide about the Northern Ecosystem Services to help the teacher. This guide aims to make the inhabitants aware of the great value of the SE. It also wants to promote a significant change in people’s attitudes by encouraging them to have a respectful attitude with Nature. Only in this way, they will be able to achieve a good regional sustainable development and improve their quality of life

Embryogenesis in vitro of several Citrus species and cultivars

A number of experiments were performed to obtain somatic embryos and embryogenie cell lines from several species and cultivars of citrus by in vitro ovule culture. The source of ovules (pre-anthesis and post-anthesis), incubation conditions (light and darkness) and several modifications of the culture medium were evaluated. All the species and cultivars assayed produced somatic embryos and “pseudobulbi”, but production of friable embryogenie callus was species dependent. The small proliferation of callus and globular bodies recovered from the primary cultures were suitable for recovering embryogenie callus lines by periodical subculturing into fresh medium. After several monthly subcultures discarding embryos and “pseudobulbi”, cell lines virtually devoid of organized structures were obtained from three cultivars of sweet orange, sour orange and Cleopatra mandarin. In all these species, embryogenesis was restored spontaneously and/or by substitution of sucrose by maltose or lactose in the culture medium. The embryos germinated and produced phenotypically normal plants

Thermal mismatches in biological rates determine trophic control and biomass distribution under warming

International audienceTemperature has numerous effects on the structure and dynamics of ecological communities. Yet, there is no general trend or consensus on the magnitude and directions of these effects. To fill this gap, we propose a mechanistic framework based on key biological rates that predicts how temperature influences biomass distribution and trophic control in food webs. We show that these predictions arise from thermal mismatches between biological rates and across trophic levels. We couple our theory with experimental data for a wide range of species and find that warming should lead to top‐heavier terrestrial food chains and stronger top‐down control in aquatic environments. We then derive predictions for the effects of temperature on herbivory and validate them with data on stream grazers. Our study provides a mechanistic explanation of thermal effects on consumer–resource systems which is crucial to better understand the biogeography and the consequences of global warming on trophic dynamics

The spatial scaling of food web structure across European biogeographical regions

International audienceThe species–area relationship (SAR) is one of the most well-established scaling patterns in ecology. Its implications for understanding how communities change across spatial gradients are numerous, including the effects of habitat loss on biodiversity. However, ecological communities are not mere collections of species. They are the result of interactions between these species forming complex networks that tie them together. Should we aim to grasp the spatial scaling of biodiversity as a whole, it is fundamental to understand the changes in the structure of interaction networks with area. In spite of a few empirical and theoretical studies that address this challenge, we still do not know much about how network structure changes with area, or what are the main environmental drivers of these changes. Here, using the meta-network of potential interactions between all terrestrial vertebrates in Europe (1140 species and 67 201 feeding interactions), we analysed network–area relationships (NARs) that summarize how network properties scale with area. We do this across ten biogeographical regions, which differ in environmental characteristics. We found that the spatial scaling of network complexity strongly varied across biogeographical regions. However, once the variation in SARs was accounted for, differences in the shape of NARs vanished. On the other hand, the proportion of species across trophic levels remained remarkably constant across biogeographical regions and spatial scales, despite the great variation in species richness. Spatial variation in mean annual temperature and habitat clustering were the main environmental determinants of the shape of both SARs and NARs across Europe. Our results suggest new avenues in the exploration of the effects of environmental factors on the spatial scaling of biodiversity. We argue that NARs can provide new insights to analyse and understand ecological communities

Perspectives in modelling ecological interaction networks for sustainable ecosystem management

International audienceThe concept of ecological interaction networks has been widely used in fundamental ecology in the last two decades and has progressively infused in a diverse array of applied studies. Classical studies represented species interactions as static interaction webs to identify generalities in the structure of ecological networks and understand the propagation of indirect effects of species on each other and the environment. More recent research demonstrates that ecological networks are emerging features of community and interaction processes. Understanding the determinants of interaction variability in space and time and its consequences for biodiversity dynamics and ecosystem functioning constitute current frontiers in ecological network science. Although these frontiers meet a variety of applied ecological questions, many network models have been developed without clear applied perspectives. We detail how we could build on them to advance three main topics. First, the spatial dimension of ecological networks has direct implications for the design of sustainable landscapes and fisheries, for agroecology and for lake management. Second, the temporal dimension of ecological networks provides important insights for projecting biodiversity changes and adapting human actions. Third, the interactions between the abiotic and biotic components of ecosystems constitute key drivers of biogeochemical cycles, thereby providing important levers for sustainable management. Synthesis and applications . Collaborative work between empirical and theoretical network ecologists could accelerate the delivery of realistic models to inform applied practices across disciplines

The impact of climate warming on species diversity across scales: Lessons from experimental meta‐ecosystems

International audienceAim: To evaluate the effects of climate warming on biodiversity across spatial scales (i.e., α-, βand γ-diversity) and the effects of patch openness and experimental context on diversity responses. Location: Global Time period: 1995-2017 Major taxa studies: Fungi, Invertebrates, Phytoplankton, Plants, Sea weed, Soil Microbes, Zooplankton Methods: We compiled data from warming experiments and conducted a meta-analysis to evaluate the effects of warming on different components of diversity (such as species richness and equivalent numbers) at different spatial scales (α-, β-and γ-diversity, partitioning β-diversity into species turnover and nestedness components). We also investigated how these effects were modulated by system openness, defined as the possibility of replicates being colonized by new species, and experimental context (duration, mean temperature change and ecosystem type). Results: Experimental warming did not affect local species richness (α-diversity) but decreased effective numbers of species by affecting species dominance. Warming increased species spatial turnover (β-diversity), although no significant changes were detected at the regional scale (γdiversity). Site openness and experimental context did not significantly affect our results, despite significant heterogeneity in the effect sizes of α-and β-diversity. Main conclusions: Our meta-analysis shows that the effects of warming on biodiversity are scaledependent. While local and regional inventory diversity remain unaltered, species composition across temperature gradients and the patterns of species dominance change with temperature, creating novel communities that might be harder to predict