Consistent patterns of common species across tropical tree communities

Trees structure the Earth’s most biodiverse ecosystem, tropical forests. The vast number of tree species presents a formidable challenge to understanding these forests, including their response to environmental change, as very little is known about most tropical tree species. A focus on the common species may circumvent this challenge. Here we investigate abundance patterns of common tree species using inventory data on 1,003,805 trees with trunk diameters of at least 10 cm across 1,568 locations1,2,3,4,5,6 in closed-canopy, structurally intact old-growth tropical forests in Africa, Amazonia and Southeast Asia. We estimate that 2.2%, 2.2% and 2.3% of species comprise 50% of the tropical trees in these regions, respectively. Extrapolating across all closed-canopy tropical forests, we estimate that just 1,053 species comprise half of Earth’s 800 billion tropical trees with trunk diameters of at least 10 cm. Despite differing biogeographic, climatic and anthropogenic histories7, we find notably consistent patterns of common species and species abundance distributions across the continents. This suggests that fundamental mechanisms of tree community assembly may apply to all tropical forests. Resampling analyses show that the most common species are likely to belong to a manageable list of known species, enabling targeted efforts to understand their ecology. Although they do not detract from the importance of rare species, our results open new opportunities to understand the world’s most diverse forests, including modelling their response to environmental change, by focusing on the common species that constitute the majority of their trees

Consistent patterns of common species across tropical tree communities

Trees structure the Earth's most biodiverse ecosystem, tropical forests. The vast number of tree species presents a formidable challenge to understanding these forests, including their response to environmental change, as very little is known about most tropical tree species. A focus on the common species may circumvent this challenge. Here we investigate abundance patterns of common tree species using inventory data on 1,003,805 trees with trunk diameters of at least 10 cm across 1,568 locations1-6 in closed-canopy, structurally intact old-growth tropical forests in Africa, Amazonia and Southeast Asia. We estimate that 2.2%, 2.2% and 2.3% of species comprise 50% of the tropical trees in these regions, respectively. Extrapolating across all closed-canopy tropical forests, we estimate that just 1,053 species comprise half of Earth's 800 billion tropical trees with trunk diameters of at least 10 cm. Despite differing biogeographic, climatic and anthropogenic histories7, we find notably consistent patterns of common species and species abundance distributions across the continents. This suggests that fundamental mechanisms of tree community assembly may apply to all tropical forests. Resampling analyses show that the most common species are likely to belong to a manageable list of known species, enabling targeted efforts to understand their ecology. Although they do not detract from the importance of rare species, our results open new opportunities to understand the world's most diverse forests, including modelling their response to environmental change, by focusing on the common species that constitute the majority of their trees

Situación basal de la información nutricional declarada en las etiquetas de los alimentos comercializados en Costa Rica

El reglamento de etiquetado nutricional para alimentos preenvasados de Costa Rica basado en la normativa del Codex Alimentarius entró en vigencia en el 2002. En este mismo año, se realizó una investigación con el propósito de describir la situación basal del etiquetado nutricional en estos alimentos. En un supermercado representativo del área metropolitana de Costa Rica se recolectó la información declarada en las etiquetas de todos los alimentos preenvasados, excepto de las bebidas alcohólicas. Se analizaron seis variables mediante el programa SPSS. Se revisaron 2.910 etiquetas de alimentos clasificados en 19 categorías. El 58,4% (n=1698) incluyó información nutricional, dato que varió según país de origen y categoría del alimento. De las etiquetas con información nutricional, 68,1% declararon el contenido nutricional, 1,2% descriptores nutricionales y 27,4% ambos. En el 95% del etiquetado nutricional se declaró el contenido de energía y macronutrientes. Se identificaron al menos 100 descriptores nutricionales y saludables diferentes, con mayor frecuencia se empleó el de contenido (74,7%), seguido por el de adición (16,9%). Los componentes referidos con mayor frecuencia fueron vitaminas y minerales, vitaminas, carbohidratos, grasa total, colesterol y energía; y los grupos de alimentos que los declararon fueron: cereales y derivados, alimentos infantiles, leches, bebidas, alimentos para regímenes especiales y sustitutos. En una misma etiqueta fueron declarados entre uno y cinco descriptores. En una década en Costa Rica se triplicó la proporción de alimentos preenvasados con etiquetado nutricional, por lo se concluye que la tendencia de su declaración es ascendente, sostenida y representa una herramienta accesible para la promoción de la salud en la población, siempre y cuando la información sea confiable y segura.The nutritional labeling regulations for prepackaged foods based on the Codex Alimentarius legislation enacted in 2002 in Costa Rica. In the same year, a research was conducted in order to describe the baseline of nutritional labeling. The declared information on the labels of all prepackaged foods was collected, except for alcoholic beverages. Six variables were analyzed using SPSS. 2,910 labels of foods were reviewed and classified in 19 food categories. 58.4% (n= 1698) included nutritional information, proportion that varied by country of origin and food category. Of the labels that included nutritional information, 68.1% had nutritional panel, 1.2% nutrient claims and 27.4%, both. 95% of the nutritional components declared on the labels included energy and macronutrients data. At least 100 different nutritional and health claims were identified. Most frequently used claims were content (74.7%), followed by addition (16.9%). The components most frequently mentioned were vitamins and minerals, vitamins (alone), carbohydrates, total fat, cholesterol and energy. Food groups who reported these descriptors were: cereals and by products, baby foods, milks, beverages, foods for special dietary uses and substitutes. One to five descriptors were used in a label. In a decade the proportion of prepackaged foods with nutritional labeling tripled in the metropolitan area of Costa Rica. It is concluded that the tendency of nutrition information declaration is up, sustained and represents an accessible tool for health promotion, if the information provided is reliable and secure

Situación basal de la información nutricional declarada en las etiquetas de los alimentos comercializados en Costa Rica

El reglamento de etiquetado nutricional para alimentos preenvasados de Costa Rica basado en la normativa del Codex Alimentarius entró en vigencia en el 2002. En este mismo año, se realizó una investigación con el propósito de describir la situación basal del etiquetado nutricional en estos alimentos. En un supermercado representativo del área metropolitana de Costa Rica se recolectó la información declarada en las etiquetas de todos los alimentos preenvasados, excepto de las bebidas alcohólicas. Se analizaron seis variables mediante el programa SPSS. Se revisaron 2.910 etiquetas de alimentos clasificados en 19 categorías. El 58,4% (n=1698) incluyó información nutricional, dato que varió según país de origen y categoría del alimento. De las etiquetas con información nutricional, 68,1% declararon el contenido nutricional, 1,2% descriptores nutricionales y 27,4% ambos. En el 95% del etiquetado nutricional se declaró el contenido de energía y macronutrientes. Se identificaron al menos 100 descriptores nutricionales y saludables diferentes, con mayor frecuencia se empleó el de contenido (74,7%), seguido por el de adición (16,9%). Los componentes referidos con mayor frecuencia fueron vitaminas y minerales, vitaminas, carbohidratos, grasa total, colesterol y energía; y los grupos de alimentos que los declararon fueron: cereales y derivados, alimentos infantiles, leches, bebidas, alimentos para regímenes especiales y sustitutos. En una misma etiqueta fueron declarados entre uno y cinco descriptores. En una década en Costa Rica se triplicó la proporción de alimentos preenvasados con etiquetado nutricional, por lo se concluye que la tendencia de su declaración es ascendente, sostenida y representa una herramienta accesible para la promoción de la salud en la población, siempre y cuando la información sea confiable y segura

Notes for genera – Ascomycota

Knowledge of the relationships and thus the classification of fungi, has developed rapidly with increasingly widespread use of molecular techniques, over the past 10--15 years, and continues to accelerate. Several genera have been found to be polyphyletic, and their generic concepts have subsequently been emended. New names have thus been introduced for species which are phylogenetically distinct from the type species of particular genera. The ending of the separate naming of morphs of the same species in 2011, has also caused changes in fungal generic names. In order to facilitate access to all important changes, it was desirable to compile these in a single document. The present article provides a list of generic names of Ascomycota (approximately 6500 accepted names published to the end of 2016), including those which are lichen-forming. Notes and summaries of the changes since the last edition of `Ainsworth Bisby's Dictionary of the Fungi' in 2008 are provided. The notes include the number of accepted species, classification, type species (with location of the type material), culture availability, life-styles, distribution, and selected publications that have appeared since 2008. This work is intended to provide the foundation for updating the ascomycete component of the ``Without prejudice list of generic names of Fungi'' published in 2013, which will be developed into a list of protected generic names. This will be subjected to the XIXth International Botanical Congress in Shenzhen in July 2017 agreeing to a modification in the rules relating to protected lists, and scrutiny by procedures determined by the Nomenclature Committee for Fungi (NCF). The previously invalidly published generic names Barriopsis, Collophora (as Collophorina), Cryomyces, Dematiopleospora, Heterospora (as Heterosporicola), Lithophila, Palmomyces (as Palmaria) and Saxomyces are validated, as are two previously invalid family names, Bartaliniaceae and Wiesneriomycetaceae. Four species of Lalaria, which were invalidly published are transferred to Taphrina and validated as new combinations. Catenomycopsis Tibell Constant. is reduced under Chaenothecopsis Vain., while Dichomera Cooke is reduced under Botryosphaeria Ces. De Not. (Art. 59)